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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the parts of an animal cell?
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NUCLEUS-contains dna and instructions for making proteins (the enzymes used in chemical reactions of respiration) CYTOPLASM-gel like substance were protein are made and where some enzyme-controlled-reactions take place (anaerobic respiration) MITOCHONDRIA-enzymes for reactions of aerobic respiration are found and take place |
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What are the extra parts that plant cells have?
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CELL WALL-supports and strengthens cell VACUOLE-contains cell sap-weak sugar and salts CHLOROPLASTS-reactions for photosynthesis take place (contains a green substance called chlorophyll and enzymes needed for photosynthesis |
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What are the parts of yeast cells?
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-cell membrane -cell wall -cytoplasm -nucleus -mitochondria |
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What are the parts of bacteria cells?
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-cell membrane -cell wall -cytoplasm -circular DNA molecule (instead of a nucleus) |
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What are enzymes?
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-enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions -the instructions for making enzymes are found in your genes |
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What is the lock and key model?
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-chemical reactions usually involve things being split apart or joined together -a substrate is a molecule that has been changed in a reactions -every enzyme molecule has an active site (the part where a substrate joins a enzyme) -for a enzyme to work a substrate has to be the correct shape to fit into the active site. |
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What is needed for the enzymes to work at their optimum?
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-a higher temperature increases the rate of the reaction at first but if it gets too hot the bonds holding the enzyme together breaks which changes the shape of the active site and so the substrate will no longer fit -this means the enzyme will no longer work and becomes denatured. -this is also the same for pH |
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What is respiration? |
-a series of chemical reactions that release energy by breaking down large food molecules. -energy is used to power other chemical reactions like... -movement (muscles contract) -active transport (to move substances in and out of cells) -synthesis of large molecules (glucose joined together to make starch and cellulose, glucose and nitrogen to make amino acids) |
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What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
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AEROBIC-with oxygen (releases more energy per glucose molecule) -glucose+oxygen--> co2+water (energy released) ANAEROBIC-little or no oxygen available glucose-->lactic acid (energy released) |
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What are some examples of cells respiring anaerobically?
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HUMAN CELLS-when you do vigorous exercise and your body can not supply enough energy to working muscles PLANT CELLS-if the soil becomes waterlogged BACTERIA CELLS-bacteria can get under skin through puncture wounds and as there is little oxygen under you skin the bacteria survives by respiring anaerobically |
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What is photosynthesis and where does it happen?
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-a series of chemical reactions that uses energy from sunlight to produce food. -produces glucose a sugar. -it happens in green parts of plants (leaf cells) and some microorganisms like phytoplankton -chlorophyll is needed for photosynthesis to happen as it absorbs sunlight allowing the energy to be used to convert co2 and water into glucose. |
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What are some of the uses of glucose?
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RESPIRATION-plants use some for respiration by releasing energy from glucose. MAKE CHEMICALS FOR GROWTH-glucose is converted into cellulose for making cell walls. -combined with nitrogen to make amino acids and then proteins -used to help make chlorophyll STORED-as starch and stored in roots, stems and leaves for when the rate of photosynthesis is slower (winter) |
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What are the three factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis?
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-amount of light, amount of co2 and temp -stops photosynthesis from happening any faster -the factor that is limiting depends on environmental conditions (at night-light is limiting factor, during winter-temperature) |
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How does light affect the rate of photosynthesis?
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-provides the energy for photosynthesis -as the light level is raised the rate increases steadily but only up to a certain point. -beyond that it wont make a difference because it'll me either the temp or co2 which is limiting |
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How does carbon dioxide affect the rate of photosynthesis?
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-the amount of co2 will only increase the rate up to a point -after this it flattens out meaning another factor is limiting it. |
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How does temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis?
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-usually if the temp is a limiting factor it is because it causes enzymes to work slower. -if the plant gets too hot, the enzymes needed for photosynthesis will be denatured -this happens at 45 degrees. |
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How do you take a transect?
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-used to investigate how things change across -run a tape measure in between two points -start at one end of the transect and collect the data you want moving along. -eg. collect data on how species change across the transect due to light levels. |
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What is a light meter, quadrat and identification key?
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LIGHT METER-sensor to measure level of light accurately if you were comparing plants in areas of different levels light. QUADRAT-a square frame to estimate percentage cover of plant species on the ground by counting how many squares are covered. IDENTIFICATION KEY-series of questions to figure out what plant it is. |
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What is diffusion?
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-passive overall movement of particles from a region of high concentration to one of lower concentration -eg when plants photosynthesise they use up cp2 from the atmosphere and produce o2. They pass in and out my diffusion. |
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What is osmosis?
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-passive movement of water from dilute to more concentrated solution through a semi-permeable membrane. -eg. plants take in water by osmosis from a higher concentration of water in the soil to the plant which has lower concentration of water. |
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What is active transport?
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-sometimes chemicals need to be moved from an area of low concentration to an area that is higher across a cell membrane using energy released by respiration. -eg plants take in minerals like nitrates through their roots by active transport as the concentration in the roots is higher than the soil so they use energy from respiration |
