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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Change in position of Foramen Magnum. Advantage in bipedalism
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Move from the back of the skull to centre. This allows the skull to balance on top of the spine and less energy is required by the muscles in the neck to keep the skull up right.
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Occipital Condyles. Change. Advantage
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From back to centre of skull. To keep the centre head above the centre of gravity.
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Change in rib cage. Advantage in bipedalism
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Flattened from front to back. Moves the centre of gravity closer to the spine. Improves balance
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Spine shape. Advantage and change
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C shape to S shape. This allows the weight of the chest to sit above the pelvis, rather than further forward. Improves balance and it abosrbs shock of walking
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Pelvis shape change and advantage
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More bowl shaped from narrow. Improves balance. Supports the upper body. Enlarges the valgus angle. Also increase the SA for the attachment of gluteus maximus muscles
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Femur length and shape. Change and advantage
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Femur is longer and angled inwards from hip (valgus angle increased). Assist the upper body to be positioned above the centre of gravity for walking
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Knee joint(lateral condyle) Advantage
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Stops the sideways deflection of thigh muscles during walking
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Shape of foot. Change and Advantage
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From flat and opposable toe to non opposable and arched feet. Toe provides a thrust forward when walking. Arched feet provide a shock absorber and spring that facilitates long distance travelling
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Survival Advantages of Bipedalism (4)
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1. Efficient locomotion - energy efficient method allows specie to walk long distances
2. Seeing over grass - being upright allows the human to see above talll grass and see more. Spot predators or locate carcasses 3. Free hands - carry objects - tools. food.babies. Use hands - weapons and tools. Make tools and weapons - 4. decrease exposure of body to direct sunlight helps body keep cook in hot climate |
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Adaptation of hand
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Fingers become more shorter.straighter and thumb opposable. Allows finer precise grasp/grio for more finer motor control and manipulation of smaller objects
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Advantage of Hairlessness
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Cooling mechanism
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Multi regional theory inc evidence
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H.erectus left Africa around 1.8million years ago and spread to Europe and Asia. From local groups H.sapiens evolved and they interbred meaning all hominins remained in genetic contact but due to limited gene flow had racial difference. Supported with fossil evidence - some transitional fossils have been found in many places esp the Asian fossils which show clear transition from older hominin to modern H.sapiens
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Out Of Africa inc evidence
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H. erectus left Africa about 1.8million years ago. H.sapiens evolved in Africa and left Africa about 200,000years ago (second movement out of Africa) Those which left 1.8MYA became extinct due to harsh enviro. and those left in Africa evolved into H.sapiens. H.sapiens spread gradually replacing other existing hominins. No genetic contact.
Supported by MtDNA and Y Chromosome |
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MtDNA
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MtDNA (mitochondrial DNA)
Passed down from mother to child Not altered due to process of meiosis (MtDNA is replicated independently of thr rest of the cell's DNA therefore does not get altered by crossing over) and mutation occurs at steady rate in the MtDNA this allowed scientist to trace back to when two population shared a common ancestor. |
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Y Chromosome.
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Same principle as MtDNA. Passed down the male line. Mutation which occurred 44,000years ago is still present in H.sapiens(modern humans) from the African population since the mutation
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Which race has the most genetic diversity and why?
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People that live in Africa have the greatest genetic variation as they have been around for the longest time and have had time to develop genetic diversity and because they are the founder population. There is less genetic diversity in Asian and European populations. (Further away from Africa and smaller the gene pool)
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Oldowan (What.Who.How)
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Homo Habilis. Simple pebble tools. Stones which were roughly flaked on one side to give a chopping edge. Used for chop and scrap
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Acheulian (What.Who.How)
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Homo Erectus. Bifacial tear drop shaped. more chips removed compared to oldowan. Used as hand axes and butchering food
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Mousterian (What.Who.How)
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Neanderthals
More refined and more diverse in form and function. Sophisticated tools which were finely worked, made from stone but often had other material attached (as handle) for more accurate handling. Scrapers Spears |
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Upper Palaeolithic
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H.Sapiens
Specialised tools made from several different materials (such as flint, bone, anthers and plant fibres) Tools inc rope, needles and fish hooks. More precise/refined fine blades.points and spear throwers |
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Relationship between cranial capacity and tool evolution
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Cultural development linked to increase in cranial development. Tools became more and more sophisticated,precise and refined. More flakes were taken off and this shows there was increase in communication skills and use of the weapons for hunting shows further communication and increase in capacity cranial and knowledge. Tools were also becoming more smaller and speacialised
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Advantages of using fire
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Warmth in cold conditions - lower death rate
Defence - protection from predators Increased light hours - this meant the hominins spent more time together talking and communication skills increase. Sharing tool techniques and improving the tools. Material for tool - Using fire to sharpen points Cooking - cooking food made it easier to digest. better nutrition such as protein. killed parasite and wider range of food avaiable. Enabling change in diet meant more nutrition for development of brain and more energy for hunting. Overall braingrowth = development in everything |
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Demestication - why and first domesticated animals and plants
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Hominins were nomadic however, as there was a shortage of food sources and increasing population hunters started to follow herds. Eventually hominins became less nomadic and domesticated them. First domesticated animals are dogs, pigs, sheeo and goats. First domesticated plants are wild wheat (18,000ya), millet, rice, soya beans, yams , maize, beans and cotton
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Selective Advantages related to use of fire.
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Increased survival rate (better nutrition/ protection from predators) means that individual more likely to reach breeding age and reproduce = population increases.
Increase life expectancy allows more opportunity for teaching and learning = also increases rate of cultural change Increased range of food = reduced competition for food so increased life exptectancy |
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Disadvantage of Bipedalism (
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1. Backache - S shaped spine makes humans prone to back aches
2. Foot strain - feet suffer strains because whole body is resting on just two limbs. Results in arches to collapse producing flat footedness 3. Varicose Veins - Walking bipedally increase pressure in leg veins. This can result in faulty valves |
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Advantage (4) and Disadvantage (4) of domestication
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Advantage
1. Dependable food source meant few starved and died (allowed individuals to obtain food from local environment) 2. Less nomadic, dwellings became more permanent (development of stable settlements) 3. Each individual becames less useless as they learnt/developed specialised skills for domesticatio 4. climatic conditions were becoming more and more fit for agriculture Disadvantage 1. Diet was restricted to what they domesticated 2. If climatic conditions were bad then crop would fail and there would be no food 3. Growing the plants / vegetation took time and caring 4. Hominins eventually began to fight over area/land and who the owner was. |
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Parts of the brain linked to language
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Wernicke's area - understanding and comprehension of spoken lanuage
Broca's area - involved in processing language, speech production and comprehension |
