(B) Study Guide

Front 1

Implicit Memory

Back 1

examples of performance w/ out conscious recollection, Savings, Priming (misattribution), Procedural Learning (prior learn w/o consciously control behav EX: sports, drive).

Front 2

Mental Imagery

Back 2

nervous system, powerful mental cue, trigger recall, EX: 1st day of college, form of creating imagery in absence of stimuli.

Front 3

Propositional Theory

Back 3

Imagery experienced through descriptive representations (underlying lang).

Front 4

Semantic Memory

Back 4

generalized knowledge of world, general facts, what we know

Front 5

Episodic Memory

Back 5

reconstructing past, relies on mental imagery, Mental Time Travel, relive past, use info imagine future, personal facts.

Front 6

Future Episodic Thinking

Back 6

remembering past & imagining future depend on many of same neural substrates.

Front 7

Laundry Example

Back 7

creating Episodic Mem, create framework, don’t remember words but story, influence prior knowledge.

Front 8

Source Confusion

Back 8

recogn, strong familarlity of person outside of normal context, wrong source Sleeper Effect (bus).

Front 9

Mem Conjunction Error

Back 9

choose avg of person or something seen.

Front 10

Unconscious Plagiarism

Back 10

easily recalling you generated a thought, idea, song, joke when someone else B.F. Skinner.

Front 11

Unconscious Transference

Back 11

tendency of eyewitnesses to misidentify familiar but innocent face as criminal, Case of Donald Thomson.

Front 12

Memory Trauma

Back 12

vivid images, emotional, fewer details, less coherency, not integrated w/ LTM.

Front 13

Time Based Pros Memory

Back 13

specific time in future (appointment 3pm)

Front 14

Event Based Pros Memory

Back 14

remember to carry out action when specfic event occurs (grocery store), MORE effective, likelihood encountering cue, informative.

Front 15

Autobiographical Memory

Back 15

memory across the lifespan for both specific events & self-related information.

Front 16

Remebering

Back 16

recalling mind, thinking, again many instances conscious rem plays little/ any role.

Front 17

Sleeper Effect

Back 17

messages paired w/ a discounting cue become more persuasive over time EX: spinning around.

Front 18

Reminiscene Bump

Back 18

ppl over 40/50 yrs, increase memory / recollecting personal experiences from their teens & 20s. No increase memory neg events.

Front 19

Rosy View Phenom

Back 19

ppl later rate past events more pos than rated when event occurred, Rosy Retrospection rosy view of past Pros future.

Front 20

Priming

Back 20

EX: elaf→ flea (leaf, flower).

Front 21

Misattribution Of Arousal

Back 21

misinterpret cues given to u, feelings influnced behavior w/o awareness EX: walking over bridge… women at end.

Front 22

*Fox Tree (2006)
Discourse Marker

Back 22

is a word that speakers use to coordinate conversation with each other

Front 23

Familial Informant False Narrative Procedure

Back 23

Ss told relatives provide info about past & interviewers try to elicit mem reports for invented mem, EX: lost in mall, accident at fam wedd, victim of animal attack, rescued by life guard. The more you're modifying memory the more likely to believe it.

Front 24

Bartlett’s War of Ghosts

Back 24

how mem works w/meaningful objects, leave out details, summarize, try rem central structure, schemas determine how things stored, info irrelevant/ inconsistent w/ central theme omitted to familiar, make logical&illogical interferences. Effort after meaning, schemas dev& cul in semantic mem, distort to fit expectations.

Front 25

Creative Problem Solving

Back 25

drawing associations between different items or concepts in order to obtain an original & useful idea or solution (Mednick 1962).

Front 26

Functional Fixedness

Back 26

traditional uses of items blocks solvers from finding the solution of using an item in an alternative way.

Front 27

Mental Fixation

Back 27

something blocks/impedes successful completion of cog operations, reduce access to useful associations in mem (interference) EX: rem, solv problems, generate creative ideas.

Front 28

Unusual Uses Task

Back 28

Experiment with ADHD, results suggest that reduced inhibition can play a role in creativity and "thinking outside of the box". Example of how reduced inhibition can be bad. (EX: brick)

Front 29

Remote Associate Test

Back 29

Think of a word related to the ones given... hard (EX: The Drunken RAT). Solving a RAT problem requires the ability to retrieve or generate remote associates—while ignoring strong, but inappropriate, associates.

Front 30

Water Jug Problem

Back 30

Ss become more fixated when solving problem and using the same formual, easier & quicker. Don't realize until end of test a more efficient formula is for use.

Front 31

Idea Generation

Back 31

People more likely to copy examples, less likely to copy if not shown examples.

Front 32

Perceptual Influency

Back 32

we think we know, like, and understand things that are perceived as familiar. Can be informative and lead to illusions and misatrributions.

Front 33

Forget- It- All Along Effect

Back 33

individual experience corroborated recovered memory, underestimate prior memory, probability of experiencing memory impairment.

Front 34

Savings

Back 34

easier to relearn something then it was to learn the first time.

Front 35

Eyewitness Suggestibilty

Back 35

tendency to incorporate info provided by others into our own recollections Perpetrator Ex stairway heaven.

Front 36

Attentional Narrowing

Back 36

(weapon focus), arousal improves mem for central details impairing mem for peripheral details. Internal mem respond= rember them/ Decrease in mem= too much arousal.

Front 37

Incubation Effects

Back 37

Both mental fixation and functional fixedness and effects of fixation weaken overtime. When Ss don’t solve problem can facilitate subsequent problem solving performance. Reshuffling the info that is currently accessible or activated.

Front 38

Illusory Truth Effect

Back 38

priming→ perceptual fluency→ truth judgement (arm statue liberty).

Front 39

Iceberg Analogy

Back 39

tiny representations of mem, Tip conscious vs. Bottom unconscious info.

Front 40

Postivity Bias in Mem & Attention

Back 40

ppl remember & attend to pos things, positivity increases for most rememebered event over time.

Front 41

~ Relax Inhibtion

Back 41

access remote associations &ideas

Front 42

~ Strengthen Inhibition

Back 42

suppress outdated/inappropriate items.

Front 43

Mem & Aging (Brain)

Back 43

medial temporal lobe structures Hippo, Frontal Lobe (PFC).

Front 44

Vividness/ Salience of Mem Constructions examples

Back 44

EX: fear of flying, easy imagine crashing, easily develop/ constru mem.

Front 45

Hindsight Bias

Back 45

tend to think know something when we would not have EX: probability MJ dying, Obama elected. Participants read story ½ subjects rate probability of ending A&B, combined probabilities of A&B, always surpass 100%.

Front 46

Availability Heuristic

Back 46

Mental shortcut when people make judgements about the probability of events. Estimate probability of an event based on how easily relevant examples can be recalled. Retrieval Fluency. EX: More common? Words with “k”, ing (example of how retrieval fluency influences decision making).

Front 47

Insight Problem Solving

Back 47

Not solved in a straightforward stepwise manner but solved all at once (aha phenomena). Prior knowledge disadvantaged and require restructuring problem representations (how we think of the problem).

Front 48

Individual Differences in Creativity (Stats)

Back 48

Hight Creative Achievers= Sign Lower Latency Inhibition (LI). Low LI= Sign Higher IQ. Based on two characteristics: LI & IQ.

Front 49

Yerkes Dodson Curve

Back 49

U-shaped relationship between arousal & performance. Arousal improves memory but only to a point. If arousal is too high= performance decreases.

Front 50

Becoming Famous Overnight

Back 50

1. Ss read a series of non-famous names (Lester Dillard) 2. Ss judge whether series of names are famous, rate famous b/c familiarity, non-famous names become increasingly famous w/ delay.

Front 51

Fading Affect Bias

Back 51

emotion associated w/ unpleasant mem, fade more quickly than emotion associated w/ pos events. Frequency neg affect decreases/ freq pos affect remains stable/older adults better at regulating emotional state/self control of emo/ reduce destructive behavioral responses/ neg moods don’t persist.

Front 52

→ Inflation of Conditional Probabilities

Back 52

likelihood 2nd word given as free associate to first, words look related, hard to imagine not knowing info EX: lamp-light, find-seek, sell-buy, etc.

Front 53

Imagination Inflation

Back 53

imagening occurrence of event makes Ss more likely to judge event actually occurred, common/un impossib events, more fits=more generalize, misattribute, constructive vivid mem, plausible events > plaus events.

Front 54

Indivi Diff Sugessibilty

Back 54

young child & old adults more susceptible memory distortions,impaired source monitor sys ability control interp memory.

Front 55

Pictorial Acc of Imagery

Back 55

experien-through depiction of stimulus in pictorial/ depictive form. EVIDENCE: Mental imagery= percepti, more rotation longer compar, deficits perception= deficits imagery. Mental Rotation, Image Scaling & Scanning, Image Synthesis.

Front 56

Role of WMC in Pos Bias

Back 56

older adults w/better ability control attention= HIGHER WMC demo stronger posivity bias. Older adults w/LOWER WMC= reduce positivity & more prone to depression.

Front 57

Seven Sins of Memory: Errors of Omission/Types Forgetting

Back 57

Transience, Absent, Blocking

Front 58

Seven Sins of Memory: Errors of Comission/ Diff Types Distortions

Back 58

Misattribution, Suggestibility, Bias.

Front 59

Seven Sins of Memory

Back 59

1) Transience decreas accessibility info overtime.
2) Absent-Mindness everyday failures, inattentive/shallow processing contributes weak mem, ongoing events, forget do things future.
3) Blockin temporary inaccessibility of info in mem.
4) Misattribution attribut recoll/idea to WRONG source.
5) Suggestibilty mem implanted as result of leading Q’s/comments during attempts recall past experiences.
6) Bias retrospective distortions & unconscious influences related current knowledge &beliefs.
7) Persistence intrusive recollecting difficult forget, patho reme, info/events cant forget wish could,traum, fear, phob.

Front 60

Socioemo Selectivity Theory

Back 60

critical factor the amount of time, someone believes have left to live Younger Adults (long) preparatory, novelty, info EX: choose social partners, new info, behave older adults if illness/plan to move. Older Adults (Short) optimizing well-being, EX: choose social partners, satisfy emotio goals, behave young adults if imagine live longer lives (medical advances).

Front 61

Spontaneously Recovered Memory

Back 61

surprised & emotionally affected by their recollection EX: Hit me like a waterfall, many recovered mem are false, some appear to reflect genuine long-term forgetting of real traumatic events. Cue Reinstatement normal forg, incomplete encod, non-disclosure, childhd amen, organic amen, encoding specfi, inhib/ postivty bias, change in percep/ interpre event.

Front 62

Therapy Recovered Memory

Back 62

sensitization neg emo & imagery, dampen emotional response, put abuse into new cognitive narrative, therapist believe results in better & more accurate representation of abuse, therapist use techniques recover& confirm history of traumatic abuse, EX: hypnosis/ age regression,/dream interpretation guided imagery/retrieval instructions/repeated retreiv/sets stage for false mem plausibility authority figure motivates cog confirmation bias.

Front 63

Types of Mem Ebbinghaus

Back 63

Voluntary Recollection recall back an experience Involuntary Recollection not relevant to what your doing EX: walk, didn’t try rem but rem. Third Case (Implict Mem) behave, believe certain things, influen prior learning.

Front 64

Tulving Assert Epis Memory

Back 64

autonoetic awareness/self/specif to humans/difficult tell diffn btwn Epsio&Non Eps Mem based on behav.

Front 65

VIVQ

Back 65

questionnaire assesses your ability to vivid mental imagery, range 26-60, avg 42.5, pos relationship: auditory imagery, more vivid imagery= more earliest memories. Correlate= visual attention, school performance, dream vividness, fantasy proneness day dreaming, mental time travel, déjà vu, false mem. Higher VIVQ= more synaesthesia & aura vision.