Axial Skeleton Part 2

Front 1

How many individual vertebrae make up the column?
Name them.
How many vertebrae make up the sacrum?
coccyx?

Back 1

24

7 cervical (C1-C7)

12 Thoracic (T1-T12)
5 lumbar (L1-L5)

5

4

Front 2

What 6 features are common in vertebrae?

Back 2

body
inferior articular processes (2)
spinous process
superior articular process (2)

transverse processes (2)
vertebral foeamen

Front 3

How many facet joints are in each vertebra?
What are they?
What kind of joints are they?
What is the function of intervertebral foramina?
Where do they form?

Back 3

4
joints between superior and inferior articular processes
synovial
(lateral) for exit of spinal nerves from spinal cord
between 2 adjacent vertebra

Front 4

How many ligaments are found in the vertebral column?

Name/describe them.

Difference between long and short ligaments?

Back 4

3

anterior longitudinal ligament: prevent hyperextemsions

posterior longitudinal ligament: prevent hyperfelxion

(short) ligamentum flavum: between lamina, have elastic fibers, help stretch and recoil

Long run from neck to sacrum
Short run between vertebra, numerous, various, segmented

Front 5

What are the joints between the vertebrae called?

Describe: (made up of, function, %of spine, absent)

What are its 2 parts

Back 5

intervertebral discs

fibrocartilage, allow small movements, act as shock absorbers
25%, between C1 nad C2

anulus fibrosus: outside ring of fibrocartilage
nuclus pulposus: soft gelatinous center

Front 6

What is the specific name of the 1st cervical vertebra (C1)

Describe it (what 2 features are missing, what does it communicate with, specialty)

Back 6

atlas

no body, no spinous process
articulates with occipital condyles of skull
yes movement

Front 7

What is the specific name of C2?
What other vertebra does it work with?
Together they do..
It rotates around...

Back 7

axis
atlas/skull
"no" movement
dens (odontoid process)

Front 8

What 2 features are found in only the cervical vertebrae?

Back 8

transverse foramina: on transverse process, passage fro vertebral blood vessels to/from brain

bifid spinous process (C2-C6 ONLY)

Front 9

What doe the thoracic vertebrae articulate with?

Describe 3 of its specific features

Back 9

ribs
bodies have costal facets

transverse processes have: transverse facets
spinous processes: long sharp, project inferiorly

Front 10

Which category of vertebrae has the biggest and widest structures?

why?

describe 3 structures

Back 10

lumbar

bear weight

body -HUGE
pedicles+lamina-short and thick
spinous processes- wide/short/horizontal

Front 11

What bone shapes the posterior wall of the pelvis?

What 2 things does it articulate with?

feature?

Back 11

sacrum

L5 and hip joints

sacral foramina- exits for sacral spinal nerves

Front 12

What does the spine look like at birth?
What 4 curvatures do we have?
Which are we born with?
Which do we acquire?

Back 12

C-shaped

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

thoracic, sacral

cervical, lumbar

Front 13

Name/ describe 3 abnormal spinal curvatures

Back 13

kyphosis: exaggeratd thoracic curvature (old)

lordosis: accentuated lumbar curvature; sway back (pregnant)

scoliosis: abnormal lateral curvature (side to side)

Front 14

What borders the bony thorax(thoracic cage)?

anteriorly?
laterally?
posteriorly?

What are its 4 functions?

Back 14

sternum, costal cartiages
ribs
thoracic vertebrae

1. support shoulder girdle and upper limbs
2. protect organs
3. muscle attachment
4. breathing

Front 15

What 3 bones make the sternum?

What are 3 of its anatomical landmarks?
Describe

Back 15

manubrium, body, xiphoid process
1. jugular notch 2. sternal angle 3. xiphisternal joint

1 is central indemt at superior border of manubrium
2. is horizontal ridge, manubrium joins body, indicates 2nd rib
3. is where sternal body and xiphoid process fuse; heart lies below on diaphragm

Front 16

Where is the sternal angle located posteriorly?
anteriorly?

What are the anatomical names for the true/ false ribs?
Why are they called this?

Where are floating ribs? Why are they called this?
What group do they belong with?

Back 16

P: between T4-T5
A: in line with 2nd rib

t: vertebrosternal (T1-T7) attach to costal cartialge

f: vertebrochondral (T8-T10) attach to costal cartilage

(T11-12) no attachment
false

Front 17

What are the 4 bony features of the rib?
What is the weak point/ common feature site for the rib?
Which 2 bony features articulate with the body and transverse process of a vertebra?

Back 17

head, neck, tubercle, shaft

angle of a rib

head and tubercle