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187 Cards in this Set
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Define Cloud Computing |
On Demand delivery of compute power, database storage, applications and other IT resources through a cloud services platform via the internet with PAYG pricing |
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Benefits of Cloud Computing |
Upfront Expense for Variable Expense Guessing Capacity Data Centre Costs Economies of Scale Speed and Agility Global |
Ugly Gardens Don’t Encourage Safe Gardening |
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Cloud Computing Models |
IaaS PaaS SaaS |
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IaaS |
Infrastructure as a Service - provided servers, storage and networking, but you must install your own software, closest to on prem |
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PaaS |
Platform as a Service - runs on top of IaaS, developers have access to already installed software (Elastic Beanstalk) |
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SaaS |
Software as a Service - delivers an entire application via the web, everything is managed by a provider |
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Cloud Deployments |
Private, On Prem, Public, Hybrid |
HOPP |
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Hybrid Deployment |
A way to connect infrastructure and apps that on on prem with ones on cloud |
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On Prem Deployment |
Private cloud, deploy with virtualisation and resource management tools, can provide dedicated resources |
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EC2 |
A virtual server with customisable instance size (# CPUs and memory) |
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How many AZs can an EC2 instance exist in? |
1 |
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EC2 Instance Types |
General Purpose, Compute Optimised, Memory Optimised, Accelerated Computing, Storage Optimised |
Goofy Cats Make Amazing Superheroes |
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General Purpose Instance |
Balance of compute, memory and networking, good for apps that don’t need to be optimised in a certain area |
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Compute Optimised |
Good for apps that benefit from high performance processors, good for batch processing |
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What instance type is best for batch processing? |
Compute Optimised |
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Memory Optimised Instance |
Delivers fast performance for workloads that process large datasets or require lots of preloaded data, e.g. real time processing of unstructured data |
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What type of instance is best for a high performance database? |
Memory Optimised Instance |
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What instance type is best for the real time processing of unstructured data? |
Memory Optimised Instance |
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Accelerated Computing Instance |
Uses hardware accelerators or coprocessors, good for floating point calculations, pattern matching and graphics processing |
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What instance type is best for pattern matching? |
Accelerated Computing Instance |
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What type of instance is best for floating point calculations? |
Accelerated Computing Instance |
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What type of instance is best for graphics processing? |
Accelerated Computing Instance |
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Storage Optimised Instance |
Good for high sequential read write access to large datasets on local storage |
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What instance type is best for a distributed file system? |
Storage Optimised Instance |
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What instance type is best for data warehousing? |
Storage Optimised Instance |
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What instance type is best for high frequency OLTP systems? |
Storage Optimised Instance |
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What instance type is best for apps with high IOPS requirements? |
Storage Optimised Instance |
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Amazon ECS Pricing Types |
On Demand, Savings, Reserved Instances, Dedicated Host, Spot Instances |
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On Demand Instances |
Pay for compute capacity by the second with no long term commitments |
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What workloads are On Demand Instances good for? |
Short term or unpredictable usage that cannot be interrupted |
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Spot Instances |
Request spare EC2 capacity for up to 90% off |
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How much of a discount do you get with Spot Instances? |
Can be up to 90% |
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When to use Spot Instances? |
Flexible start/stop times, urgent need for lots of additional capacity, stateless or fault tolerant, may not always be available |
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Reserved Instances |
Book a certain amount of computing power and pay in advance, RIs are assigned to a specific AZ |
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When to use Reserved Instances? |
Commit to using EC2 at a given price over the contract terms, apps with predictable usage and require reserve capacity |
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Contract length for Reserved Instances |
1 or 3 year |
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Payment options for Reserved Instances |
AURI, PURI, NURI |
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AURI |
All Upfront Reserved Instance - pay in full at start of the term with no other additional hourly charges |
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PURI |
Partial Upfront Reserved Instance - pay a portion of a RIs cost and then the remaining hours are billed at a discounted hourly rate regardless of if RI is being used |
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NURI |
No Upfront Reserved Instance - Without paying ahead you are billed hourly regardless of whether RI is used |
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How much of a discount does using Reserved Instances provide? |
Up to 75% |
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Dedicated Hosts |
Physical EC2 server dedicated to your use |
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When to use a Dedicated Host |
You can use your existing server bound software licenses and can also help meet compliance requirements |
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Which is the most expensive EC2 pricing option? |
Dedicated Host |
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EC2 Saving Plans |
Reduce costs by committing to a consistent amount of compute, usage up to commitment charged at discount, over charged as on demand |
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How much discount does a EC2 savings plan provide? |
Up to 72% |
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How long is the contract for a EC2 Savings Plan? |
1 or 3 years |
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How does AWS Cloud allow users to focus on business value? |
Shift technical resources to revenue generating activities rather than managing infrastructure |
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High Availability |
Availability is the percentage of time a workload is available for use. Minimal downtime. |
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Elasticity |
The ability to acquire resources when you need them and release them when you do not - automatic scaling |
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Scalability |
A system that can adapt to meet new levels of demand |
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Agility |
How quickly your app can scale and provision resources to meet demand |
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Auto Scaling Groups |
Automatically scale EC2 instances based on demand, you can set a min and max # of EC2 instances and automatically replace unhealthy instances |
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Elastic Load Balancer |
A managed load balancer that acts as a single point of contact for all incoming web traffic to an EC2 instance |
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ASG |
Auto Scaling Group |
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ELB |
Elastic Load Balancer |
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SNS |
Simple Notification Service |
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SQS |
Simple Queue Service |
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Simple Notification Service (SNS) |
A publish/subscribe service, subscribers can be web servers, email addresses, Lambda functions or more, publishers publish messages to subscribers |
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Simple Queue Service |
Message queueing service to send, store and receive messages between software components |
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Lambda |
Virtual functions, serverless and developer just provides code, scaling is handled by AWS and short execution times |
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Serverless |
You don’t need to provision and manage instances, AWS figures out how to spin up servers to run the code |
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FaaS |
Function as a Service, Lambda |
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Example of FaaS |
AWS Lambda |
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Event Driven |
Functions can be triggered by other AWS services when needed |
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Benefits of AWS Lambda |
Easy pricing based on # invocations and execution time, easy monitoring on AWS CloudWatch and supports many programming languages |
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Dynamic Scaling |
Responds to changes demand |
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Predictive Scaling |
Automatically schedule instances based on predicted demand |
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Monolithic Applications |
An app with tightly coupled components |
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Microservices |
Having many services and components that fulfil different functions to ensure your app is loosely coupled |
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What AWS services facilitate application integration? |
Amazon SNS and Amazon SQS |
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Process of AWS Lambda |
Upload code to Lambda, set code to trigger from an event, code runs when triggered, pay only for compute time used |
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What does it mean when we say Regions are isolated? |
Absolutely no data does in or out your environment without you explicitly granting permission for the data to be moved |
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4 Factors to Choosing a Region |
Compliance with Data Governance and Legal Requirements Proximity to Customers Available Services Pricing |
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Availability Zone |
One or more data centres with redundant power, networking and connectivity |
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AZ |
Availability Zone |
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Containers |
Provide a standard way to package your applications code and dependencies into a single object |
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How many AZs in a region? |
Min 2, Max 6, usually 3 |
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Does a multi-AZ (same region) deployment offer DR? |
No, it only offers high availability, multi-region deployment is needed for DR |
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What is the CDN used by AWS? |
CloudFront |
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CDN |
Content Delivery Network |
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CloudFront |
The content delivery network (CDN) used by AWS |
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Edge Location |
A site used by CloudFront to cache copies of your content for faster delivery to users at any location |
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Outpost |
Extends AWS infrastructure and services to your on prem data centre, like installing a fully operating mini region |
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Elastic Beanstalk |
A free and easy way to deploy and scale web apps and services. You provide code and config settings and Elastic Beanstalk deploys all the resources necessary for adjusting capacity, load balancing, auto scaling and app health monitoring |
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CloudFormation |
Treat infrastructure like code and declare and define AWS resources. Provisions your resources in a safe and repeatable manner. Uses JSON or YAML templates |
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CloudFormation Templates |
JSON or YAML, easily declare without you want without knowing exactly how |
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AWS Container Based Compute Options |
Elastic Container Service, Elastic Kubernetes Service and Fargate |
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Managed Tools for Interacting with AWS |
Elastic Beanstalk and CloudFormation |
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DIY ways of interacting with AWS Services |
Management Console, CLI, SDK |
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AWS Management Console |
Web based interface for accessing and managing AWS services |
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Benefits of AWS Management Console |
Quickly access recently used services and search by name, keyword, acronym. Console included wizards and automated workflows to simplify tasks. |
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AWS CLI |
Saves time making API requests and can automate actions using scripts. Scriptable and repeatable. Scripts can be set to be event triggered. |
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Disadvantages of AWS Management Console |
Allows for more human error, and slow to click through options and interact with the interface if you know what you want |
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AWS SDK |
Makes it easier to use services through an API designed for your language or platform, you can use AWS services with your existing apps. Documentation provided. |
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VPC |
Virtual Private Cloud |
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Amazon Virtual Private Cloud |
A networking service that enables you to provision an isolated section of the AWD cloud, your own data centre |
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How many regions is a VPC tied to? |
1 region |
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ECS |
Elastic Container Service |
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Subnet |
Smaller network partitions if a VPC, a subnet is tied to an AZ |
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By default do VPCs have access to the internet? |
No, by default they are isolated from the internet |
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NACL |
Network Access Control List |
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Network ACLs |
Operates at subnet level to control traffic in and out, supports allow and deny rules including only IP addresses, stateless |
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Stateless |
All traffic is evaluated and separate inbound and outbound roles are needed, does not remember packets |
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Security Group |
Operates at instance level, supports only ALLOW rules and can include IPs and other security groups. Stateful. |
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Stateful |
Return traffic is automatically allowed and packets are remembered. Security Groups. |
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Internet Gateway IGW |
Provides internet access at the VPC level |
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IGW |
Internet Gateway |
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NAT Gateway |
Gives internet access to private subnets |
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EKS |
Elastic Kubernetes Service |
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VPC Peering |
Connects two VPCs with non-overlapping IP Ranges, non transitive |
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VPC Endpoints |
Provides private access to AWS Services from a VPC |
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Private Link |
Securely connect to a service in a 3rd party VPC |
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VPC Flow Logs |
Capture network traffic (IP) logs, can export to S3 or CloudWatch |
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Site to Site VPN |
VPN over public internet between an on prem data centre and AWS, data is automatically encrypted |
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Client VPN |
OpenVPN connection from your computer into your VPC |
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Direct Connect |
Direct private, physical fibre connection from your on prem data centre to AWS |
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Transit Gateway |
Connect thousands of VPCs and on prem networks together |
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Route 53 |
Global managed DNS, collection of rules and records to understand how to reach a server through URLs |
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What is the AWS DNS? |
Route 53 |
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Fargate |
No need to provision and maintain underlying infrastructure, server less containers |
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Route 53 Routing Policies |
Simple, Weighted, Latency, Failover |
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DNS Resolution |
The process of translating a URL to an IP Address |
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Simple Routing Policy |
Use for a single resource that performs a given function. No default health checks. |
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Weighted Routing Policy |
Use to route traffic to multiple resources in proportions you specify |
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Latency Routing Policy |
Use when you have resources in multiple regions you want to route to the region that provides the best latency |
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Failover Routing Policy |
For disaster recovery |
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Instance Stores |
Temporary block level storage behaving like physical hard drives, this disk storage is physically attached to the host |
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Lifespan of an instance store |
Same as it’s host, when the EC2 instance is stopped or terminated, all data in the store is lost |
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EBS |
Elastic Block Store |
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Amazon Elastic Block Store (EBS) |
Provides persistent block level storage for EC2 instances, the volume is automatically replicated in its AZ for high availability and durability |
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Elastic Container Service |
Highly scalable, high performance, container management system to run and scale containerised apps on AWS, supports Docker, but you need to provision and maintain the underlying infrastructure (EC2 Instances) |
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You can attach multiple EBS volumes to an instance, True or False |
True |
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You can attach an EBS volume to multiple instances? True or False |
False |
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EBS Volumes must be in the same AZ as the instances they are attached to, True or False |
True |
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Amazon S3 |
Object storage built to store and retrieve any amount of data from anywhere, store any type of file in S3 with unlimited storage |
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What provides 11 9s of durability? |
Amazon S3 |
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EBS Snapshots |
Snapshots take incremental backups of EBS volumes, subsequent backups only save changes since the most recent |
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Object storage |
An object consists of data, metadata and a key, when a file in object storage is updated, the entire object is updated |
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Max size of an object in S3 |
5TB |
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How to manage access control in S3? |
You can create multiple buckets to store objects and set permissions for each bucket |
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What are buckets used for in S3? |
Version control and access control |
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Elastic Kubernetes Service |
Manage Kubernetes on AWS, Kubernetes is open sourced software that lets you deploy and manage containerised apps at scale |
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What to consider when selecting a storage class? |
How often you plan to retrieve your data How available you need your data to be |
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Typical use cases for Amazon S3 |
Backup and storage, media hosting, software delivery/downloads, static website |
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What storage would you use for a static website? |
Amazon S3 |
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S3 Storage Classes |
Standard, Intelligent Tiering, Standard IA, One Zone IA, Glacier Instant Retrieval, Glacier Flexible Retrieval, Glacier Deep Archive |
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S3 Standard |
Durable, immediately available, frequently accessed |
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Which S3 class is best for frequently accessed data? |
Standard S3 |
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What S3 class is best for data that varies between being frequently and infrequently accessed? |
S3 Intelligent Tiering |
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S3 Intelligent Tiering |
Automatically moves data to the most effective tier by analysing how often it is accessed, either Standard or Standard IA |
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AWS Regions |
A cluster of physical data centres |
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Two approached to Autoscaling |
Dynamic Scaling and Predictive Scaling |
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S3 Standard IA |
Durable, immediately available, infrequent access, lower storage price, higher retrieval, stores data in minimum of 3AZs |
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What is Amazon EFS good for? |
Big data and analytics, media processing, content management, web serving, home directories |
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What type of storage is ideal for users where lots of services and resources need to access the same data at the same time? |
Amazon EFS |
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One Zone Infrequent Access |
Stores data in only 1AZ, even lower storage price than standard IA |
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What is One Zone IA good for? |
Good if you want to save on storage costs and you can easily reproduce your data if the one AZ fails |
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Glacier Instant Retrieval |
For archived data that requires immediate access, can retrieve objects within milliseconds with same performance as S3 standard |
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Glacier Flexible Retrieval |
Low cost storage for data archiving, retrieval takes minutes to hours |
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Glacier Deep Archive |
Lowest cost storage for long term retention, retrieves objects within 12 hours |
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What type of storage would be best for a photo analysis website? Needs to index many photos and allow multiple users to view at a time |
S3 - web enabled, serverless |
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Which storage for a 80GB video file to edit |
EBS - block storage so only need to update the files containing the edits |
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EFS |
Elastic File System |
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Amazon Elastic File System |
Fully managed service that makes it easy to set up and scale file storage, think shared network storage |
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Amazon EFS is a regional service, True of False? |
True |
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Benefits of DynamoDB |
Serverless, autoscales, massively scalable, highly performant, great for datasets with variation from item to item, go global with touch of a button |
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Amazon RedShift |
Fast fully managed data warehouse that makes it easy to analyse your data with standard SQL and existing BI tools |
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What data warehousing service is the best for big data analytics? |
Amazon RedShift |
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What is good for OLAP workloads? |
Amazon RedShift |
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Amazon Neptune |
Graph database service for apps requiring highly connected datasets |
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Amazon DocumentDB |
Document database for supporting MongoDB workloads |
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Amazon Quantum Ledger Database |
A ledger database service, immutable system of record where entries cannot be removed from audits |
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Amazon QLDB |
Amazon Quantum Ledger Database |
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Amazon Managed Blockchain |
Service to create and manage blockchain networks with open source frameworks |
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Amazon Elasticache |
Service that adds caching layers on top of your database to improve read time of common requests |
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Amazon RDS |
Amazon Relational Database Service |
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Amazon DAX |
DynamoDB Accelerator |
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Amazon DynamoDB Accelerator |
An in memory cache for DynamoDB to improve response times from single digit milliseconds to microseconds |
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Amazon EFS scales automatically to demand, True or False |
True |
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What protocol does EFS use? |
NFS protocol |
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Amazon Relational Database Service |
A managed service that makes it easy to set up, operate and scale a relational database in the cloud |
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What database engines is Amazon RDS offered on? |
Amazon Aurora, PostgreSQL, MySQL, MariaDB, Oracle Database and Microsoft SQL Server |
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What storage type / database is good for OLTP? |
Amazon RDS |
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What does Amazon RDS charge for? |
DB Instance hours, Storage, provisioned IOPS, backup storage |
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Amazon Aurora |
An enterprise class relational database compatible with PostgreSQL and MySQL but much faster than them both |
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Amazon DynamoDB |
Fully managed NoSQL database that provides fast and predictable performance with seamless scalability |
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