Aw Sociology Test 3

Front 1

rational choice theory

Back 1

theory that suggests that family patterns are reinforced to the extend that the exchanges are beneficial to the members.

Front 2

structural functional theory

Back 2

theory that suggests that the family serves a number of common purposes in every society

Front 3

monogamy

Back 3

marriage of 2 individuals

Front 4

polygamy

Back 4

a man or woman has more than 1 spouse

Front 5

polygyny

Back 5

a husband having more than 1 wife

Front 6

polyandry

Back 6

a wife having more than 1 husband

Front 7

strict monogamy

Back 7

type of monogamy to one other person is lifelong and deviation from that standard is prohibited

Front 8

serial monogamy

Back 8

type of monogamy where you marry several spouses but one at a time. most common in our society.

Front 9

blended family

Back 9

two or more families or kinship living together

Front 10

exogamy

Back 10

a norm that requires individuals to marry outside of their own immediate group

Front 11

endogamy

Back 11

require individuals to marry inside certain boundaries, whatever the societal members see as protecting the homogenity of a group

Front 12

homogamy

Back 12

most people choose a mate with similar social characteristics-age, residence, education, political view, values and traits

Front 13

symbolic interaction theory

Back 13

culture dictates the language we learn and how we interpret various situations; and families socialize the norms and roles and ideas about what is a family.

Front 14

conflict theory

Back 14

conflict within families is inevitable and natureal, this conflict results from struggles for power both from within the family and between the family and society

Front 15

egalitarian family patterns

Back 15

power, authority, and decision making are shard between the spouses and perhaps with the children

Front 16

Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA)

Back 16

is a policy that allows 12 weeks of unpaid to care for family members

Front 17

bi-lateral no fault divorce

Back 17

type of divorce that requires both parties to agree that they want out of the marriage

Front 18

unilateral no-fault divorce

Back 18

type of divorce that allows one person to insist that the marriage has "irreconcilable differences" The two do not have to agree

Front 19

functional theorists

Back 19

these theorists argue that a formal and informal education serve certain crucial purposes in society

Front 20

manifest functions

Back 20

the planned and formalized actions of educational institutions

Front 21

latent functions

Back 21

unintended, unorganized, informal results of the educational process.

Front 22

formal bureaucratic atmosphere

Back 22

is cost-effective, efficient, and impersonal (Weber's model)

Front 23

local community, national level

Back 23

who makes decisions about the educational system

Front 24

popularity

Back 24

what is a major issue for youth where school gies them the opportunity to become this

Front 25

classrooms

Back 25

are mirror societies, shaping one's sense of self

Front 26

formal systems in education

Back 26

a stable set of activities or routines, artifacts, values, and concerns that children produce and share in interaction with peers.

Front 27

teachers

Back 27

serve as gatekeepers, controlling the classroom flow of students, activities, resources and privileges

Front 28

administrators

Back 28

managers of school system, responsible for main tasks, oversee disipline ect

Front 29

the informal system

Back 29

system of school which includes the unspoken, unwritten, and implicit norms of behavior we learn in school

Front 30

the hidden curriculum

Back 30

refers to the implicit "rules of the game" that students learn in school including everything that is not taught and things that are

Front 31

school climate

Back 31

a general social condition that characterizes a group organization or community such as school

Front 32

value climate

Back 32

refers to students' motivation, aspirations and achievement

Front 33

conflict theorists

Back 33

which theorists see institutions, including education, as tools of powerful and affluent groups to ensure that their won self interests are met and reproduce social stratification that mirrors the greater society power dynamics

Front 34

meriotocracy

Back 34

education is a ______________________ or social group or organization where people are allocated to positions according the their ability and credentials

Front 35

capital

Back 35

children get social and cultural _____________ or language skills, knowledge or how the social system works, and networks from their parents

Front 36

equal

Back 36

opportunity that exists when all people have an equal chance of achieving high socioeconomic status in society regardless of their class, ethnicity or race and gender

Front 37

the coleman report

Back 37

report that found that the differences in test scores between minority students and white students were due to parents education levels

Front 38

testing, student tracking, school funding

Back 38

are 3 sources of inequality in schools that show how schools reproduce and perpetuate social stratificaion

Front 39

fundamentalist groups

Back 39

groups that believe in a literal interpretation of their holy books and a personal experience with their diety, conflicts often occur

Front 40

liberal theologies

Back 40

theologist that believe there can be more than one path to truth

Front 41

secularization

Back 41

the diminishing influence and role of religion in everyday

Front 42

religisity

Back 42

a persons degree of religious involvement

Front 43

ecclesia

Back 43

religious groups that claim everybody within the boundaries of a certain society as members

Front 44

denomination

Back 44

a religous group that generally supports the basic values of the larger society, has a clear hierarchy, trained leadership, and accommodates the state

Front 45

sects

Back 45

a group that forms in protest against its parent religion either becasue of theological differences or because they feel the church has become too secular

Front 46

new religious movements

Back 46

new groups of worshipers (aka cults)

Front 47

meaning (cultural) system

Back 47

a world-view that provides a sense of meaning and purpose in life, includes the ideas and symbols of religion

Front 48

belonging system

Back 48

a set of interpersonal relationships and friendship networks

Front 49

structural system (institution)

Back 49

a stable pattern of roles, statuses, and organization practices

Front 50

social cohesion

Back 50

a feeling of belonging and unity with others and a common sense of purpose

Front 51

stability

Back 51

legitimating social values and norms (making them sacred) leads to __________

Front 52

rational choice theorists

Back 52

these theorists believe that individuals who have freedom of religion decide whether or not to belong to a certain religious groups by weighing the costs and benefits of belonging

Front 53

socialization

Back 53

religion is learned through ___________________________

Front 54

myths

Back 54

stories emodying ideas about the world

Front 55

rituals

Back 55

group activities in which myths are reinforced with music, dancing, kneeling, praying, chanting, story-telling, and other symbolic acts

Front 56

orthoproxy

Back 56

conformity of behavior

Front 57

orthodoxy

Back 57

conformity of belief

Front 58

symbols

Back 58

anything that can stand for something else

Front 59

elective affinity

Back 59

weber's term for the pattern of people based on their position in society and can reinforce socially-defined differences in a way that legitimizes inequality

Front 60

class-based

Back 60

according to karl marx, religion is _____________________ in most societies

Front 61

power

Back 61

weber describes this as "the ability of a person or group to realize their own will in communal action, even against resistance of others participating in the action.

Front 62

political ideology

Back 62

an attitude affects how people think and behave about a variety of issues related to power

Front 63

legitimate power

Back 63

type of power (or authority) is recognized as rightful by those subject to it

Front 64

traditional authority

Back 64

type of authority that is passed on through the generations so that the positions are inherited

Front 65

charismatic authority

Back 65

type of authority where power is held by an individual that results from the claim of extraordinary, even divine, personal characteristics

Front 66

rational

Back 66

legal authority is most typical of modern nation-states; leaders have the expertise to carry out the duties of their positions, and the leadership structure is usually bureaucratic and rule-bound

Front 67

pluralist

Back 67

these theorists believe that power is distributed among various groups so that no one group rules

Front 68

elite theory

Back 68

these theorists believe it is inevitable that a small group of elite will rule societies

Front 69

political system

Back 69

C. Wright Mills believes that the most direct source of power is the what?

Front 70

juntas

Back 70

authoritarian regimes headed by dictators or military _____________ with absolute power are are and have been common forms in the world

Front 71

state terrorism

Back 71

terror is used as a tactic to deal with both internal and external dissent

Front 72

ideal-type

Back 72

type of society where citizens participate in selecting the government, civil liberties are guaranteed, constitutional limits are placed in gov powers, ect

Front 73

parliamentary and presidential

Back 73

what are the 2 main forms of democratic constitutional government

Front 74

parliamentary

Back 74

type of government where the head of the state (often a monarch) and the head of government (a prime minister, chancellor) are different people

Front 75

presidential

Back 75

type of government where the president tends to have more autonomy than the heads of the parliamentary governments.

Front 76

politics

Back 76

refers to the social institution that determines and exercises power relations in society

Front 77

economics

Back 77

social institution that deals with production and distribution of goods and services

Front 78

planned or centralized

Back 78

system that involves state-based planning and control of property

Front 79

market

Back 79

system that stresses individual planning and private ownership of property

Front 80

capitalism

Back 80

focuses on profit made through free competition between competitors. (pure capitalism is the only value that drives the society)

Front 81

communist system

Back 81

system where all matters of production and labor are governed with the "communal" good in mind

Front 82

democratic socialism

Back 82

refers to the collective group planning of the development of the society, but within a democratic political system

Front 83

private profit

Back 83

less important than in capitalism

Front 84

nation state

Back 84

is a political, geographical, and cultural unit with recognizable boundaries and a system of government

Front 85

revolution

Back 85

refers to "social and political transformation of a nation, resulting from failure of state regimes"

Front 86

conflict

Back 86

these theorists see war, terrorism and revolution as the outcome of oppression by the ruling elite and an attempt to overthrow that oppression

Front 87

deterrence

Back 87

is one approach to avoiding war

Front 88

negotiation

Back 88

is a second approach to avoiding war and resolving conflict

Front 89

terrorism

Back 89

is "the use of indiscriminate violence to cause mass fear and panic, intimidate a population, and advance one's political goals"

Front 90

social change

Back 90

change over time in the behavior patterns, culture and structure of society at the individual, institutional and societal level

Front 91

social changes

Back 91

what arises when people are trying to cope with stressful situations and unclear or uncertain conditions

Front 92

strain

Back 92

interior pressures for change because of different cultural beliefs

Front 93

stress

Back 93

exterior pressures for change due to war, illness, technological changes, ect.

Front 94

symbolic interactionism

Back 94

humans actively construct meaning of situations to implement change

Front 95

rational choice

Back 95

group seeking change must set up a situation in which new desired behavior is rewarded.

Front 96

functionalist theories

Back 96

societies are basically stable and composed of interdependent parts that make the society function smoothly. SLOW CHANGE due to outweighting costs and benefits

Front 97

conflict theories

Back 97

change is inevitable; conflict between those in power and the oppressed will lead to healthy changes that are used for society

Front 98

crowd behaviors

Back 98

mobs, panics, riots, and demonstrations that are all demonstrating collective behavior

Front 99

mass behaviors

Back 99

individual people communicate or respond in a similar manner to ambiguous or uncertain situations, often based on common information from the news or on the internet

Front 100

mobs

Back 100

emotional crowds that engage in violence against a specific target

Front 101

riots

Back 101

an outbreak of illegal violence against shifting targets, committed by individuals expressing frustration or anger, against people, property, or both often occur because of a sense of DEPRIVATION

Front 102

panics

Back 102

a large number of individuals become fearful or try to flee threatening situations that are beyond their control, sometimes putting lives in danger, ex: fire

Front 103

rumors

Back 103

a form of mass behavior in which unsupported or unproven reports abotu a problem, issue, or concern circulate widely throughout the public

Front 104

fads

Back 104

temporary items or activities that spread rapidly and are copied enthusiastically by large numbers of people

Front 105

fashions

Back 105

a social pattern favored by a large number of people for a limited period of time

Front 106

social movements

Back 106

an organized attempt outside of established instituional mechanisms to enhance change through group action

Front 107

structural conductiveness

Back 107

existing problems that create an environment ripe for change

Front 108

structural strain

Back 108

the social structure is not meeting the needs and expectations of the citizens, which creates widespread dissatisfaction with the status quo

Front 109

spread of a generalized belief

Back 109

common beliefs about the cause, effect, and solution of a probelm evolves, develops and spreads

Front 110

precipitation factor

Back 110

a dramatic event or invident occurs to incite people to action

Front 111

mobilization for action

Back 111

leaders emerge and set out of a path of action; or an emergent norm develops that stimulates common action

Front 112

social controls are weak

Back 112

police, military, politicians or religious leaders are unable to counter social movement

Front 113

preliminary stage

Back 113

stage when the context for a movement is set

Front 114

popularization stage

Back 114

stage when individuals coalesce their efforts, define their goals and strategies, develop recruitment tactics, and identify leaders; the social movement that enters the public arena

Front 115

institutionalized stage

Back 115

stage when the organization gains the members and funds neccessary for change

Front 116

fragmentation and demise

Back 116

the group breaks apart because the resources may be exhasuted, the leadership may be inept or may have lost legitimacy, or the leaders may be coopted by other organizations.

Front 117

expressive movments

Back 117

movement that focuses on changing individuals and saving people from corrupt lifestyles

Front 118

social reform movements

Back 118

movements that seek to change some aspect of society but members generally support the society as a whole

Front 119

revolutionary movements

Back 119

movements that attempt to transform society, to bring about total change in a society by overthrowing existing power structures and replacing them with t new one

Front 120

resistance or regressive movements

Back 120

movements that see change as a threat to societal values

Front 121

global transnational movements

Back 121

movements that focus on large-scale global issues.