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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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20 to 20,000 Hz |
normal human hearing detects sound in the range |
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Loudness |
determined by the amplitude of pressure changes in the alternating compression and rarefraction of air |
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decibels |
loudness is expressed in units called |
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Pitch |
determined by the frequency of cycles of vibration |
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hertz |
pitch is expressed in cycles per second or |
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external ear |
shelters eardrum and pays a role in localization of sound |
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middle ear |
transmits vibration of air into vibrations of the fluid in the inner ear |
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difference in impedence of air and water |
causes much sound energy to be reflected from an air-fluid interface |
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middle ear |
compensates for impedence mismatch |
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eardrum |
vibrates in response to sound |
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malleus |
transmits vibration to incus and stapes |
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stapes |
transmits vibration to fluid in the vestibule |
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Reissner's membrane |
vibration travels to endolymphatic fluid through |
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round window |
as fluid is non-compressible, mobile wall that permit vibration |
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conductive hearing loss |
when sound does not reach or is not attenuated before the cochlea |
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conductive hearing loss |
can be due to problems in the external ear, tympanic membrane, and the middle ear |
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conductive hearing loss |
dysfunction of the ossicles may cause |
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sensorinerual hearing loss |
caused by a dysfunciton in the inner ear or nerual pathway after it |
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sensorinerual hearing loss |
most common cause is damage to hair cells in cochlea |
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mixed hearing loss |
both conductive and sensorineura hearing loss is present on the same ear |
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neural or retrocochear hearing loss |
type of sensorineural hearing loss caused by an auditory nerve lesions or lesion on central auditory pathway |
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central hearing loss |
problem is in the central nervous system, can hear perfectly but have trouble interpreting or understanding |
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Air Conduction |
utilizes external and middle ear i the transmission of sound to inner ear |
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Bone Conduction |
skull is set into vibration by direct vibratory contact, stimulus set the cochlear fluid to motion , bypassing external and middle ear |
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BC normal |
normal cochlea, nerve and brain stem function |
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Tuning Fork Tests |
provide a rough estimate of hearing sensitivity and is used for screening of hearing loss |
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512 Hz |
most commly used tuning fork frequency |
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Rinne Test |
compares bone conduction to air conduction |
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Rinne test |
stem of vibrating tuning fork placed against individuals mastoid until no more soud heard |
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normal |
individual still hears the vibrations by air conduction in Rinne test |
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positive Rinne test |
AC>BC |
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sensorineural hearing loss |
hearing loss with (+) Rinne test |
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condcutive hearing loss |
hearing loss with (-) Rinne test |
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Weber test |
usueful fro screening individuals complaining of unilateral hearing loss |
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Weber test |
stem of vibrating tuning fork placed in midline of forehead and asked where the sound is heard |
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conductive hearing loss |
if sound lateralizes on the poorer ear in Weber test |
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sensorineural hearing loss |
if sound is heard on the better ear in Weber test |
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Schwabach test |
compares bone conduction of patient to that of examiner provided that examiner's hearing is normal |
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Schwabach test |
stem of vibrating tuning fork placed in patient's mastoid, then reports if sound is no longer heard, then examiner place it o own mastoid, then measure duration |
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normal |
when atient and the examiner have approximately equa bone conduction |
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conductive hearing loss |
Prolonged Schwabach test |
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sensorineural hearing loss |
diminished Prolonged Schwabach test |
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Bing test |
example of occlusion effect |
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positive Bing test |
vibration of tuning fork perceived ouder when normal ear is occlued |
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sensorineural hearing loss |
(+) Bing test |
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negative Bing test |
there is no change in loudness of vibrating tuning fork in Bing test |
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conductive hearing loss |
(-) Bing test |
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Audiometer |
device for presenting sound to patients at precisely controlled intensity and frequency |
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behavioral hearing tests |
most commonly used method to test hearing |
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behavioral hearing test |
based on active and voluntary response from the patient |
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behavioral hearing test |
based on subjective auditory response to tones ans speech signals |
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pure tone audiogram |
subjective and behavioral measurment of hearing threshold |
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pure tone audiogram |
relies on the patient's response to pure tone stimuli |
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pure tone threshold |
indicate the softest sound audible to an individual at least 50% of the time |
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normal hearing |
0-20 dB |
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mild hearing loss |
21-40 dB |
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moderate hearing loss |
41-55 dB |
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moderate-severe hearing loss |
56-70 dB |
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severe hearing loss |
71-90 dB |
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profound hearing loss |
more than 90 dB |
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Speech audiometry |
utilizes spoken words and sentences rather than pure tones |
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Speech audiometry |
designed to assess sensitivity or understanding |
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Spech audiometry threshold |
level at which the patient can correctly repeat 50% of test materials |
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Speech Audiometry intelligibility |
percentage of words or sentences a patient can correctly repeat when presented at supra-threshold levels |
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Speech Audiometry |
provides info about hearing handicap and is useful to determine candidacy for hearing aid |
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Objective hearing test |
makes it possible to evaluate hearing without prompting an active response |
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Objective hearing tests |
measure funcions based on involuntary physiologic responses |
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Immittance Audiometry |
utilize the electroacoustic immittancee bridge |
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Immittance Audiometry |
designed to quantify the impedance of conductive mechaism of ear |
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Immittance Audiometry |
bounce a probe tone off the tympanic membrane and measure the proportionof reflected sound |
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Very stiff |
maximal reflection of sound in immittance audiometry |
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compliant |
reflects less sound bac to the probe in immittance audiometry |
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tympanogram |
graphic representation of the relationship of change in external auditory canal air pressure to impedance |
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Type A |
peak compliance occurs at or near atmospheric pressure indicating normal pressure in middle ear |
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Type AD |
type with steep curve with a tall peak |
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abnormally compliant iddle ear |
steep curve with a tall peak indicates |
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Type AS |
type with shallow curve |
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stiff system |
shallow curve indicates |
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Type AS |
osteosclerosis |
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Type B |
type with no sharp peak, with little or no variation in impedence pover a wide range |
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Type AD |
ossicular dislocatio or erosion |
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Type C |
peak compliance is significantly ata negative pressure of more than -100 daPa |
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Type B |
otitis media, tympanic membrane perforation or obstructing cerumen |
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subatmorspheric pressure in the middle ear space |
peak compliance is significantly ata negative pressure of more than -100 daPa indicates |
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Type C |
Eustachian tube dysfunction |
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80-90 dB |
tone sufficiet to evoke stapedial reflex |
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Otoacoustic Emissions |
clnically important becuase they can be used to test the function of the cochlea |
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Otoacoustic Emissions |
reflect the functiona integrity of the cochlea |
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outer hair cells |
main source of OAEs |
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OAE |
fro screening cochlear function in newborns, infants and small children |
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OAE |
used to objectify audiometric findings in adults and to assess cochlear function in high risk patients |
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Auditory BRaaistem Response |
scalp electrodes monitor brain electrical activity in response to sound click |
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ABR |
differentiate between cochlear and retrocochlear hearing loss |
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Electrocochleography |
measures nerve potentials as well as receptor potentials |
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Electrocochleography |
used to diagnose Menier's disease and to evaluate patients for cochlear implantation |
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Cerumen impaction |
one of the most common causes of conductive haring loss |
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Remove cerumen |
treatment for Cerumen impaction |
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Michel's deafness |
there is no development of inner ear |
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Mondini's deafness |
partial aplasia of the bony and membranous labyrinth |
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Scheibe's deafness |
aplasia of the pars inferior |
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Scheibe's deafness |
most common inherited congenital deafness |
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Waardenburg disease |
primary features are lateral displacement of medial canthi, flat nasal root, hyperplasia of the eye brows, partial albinism and congnital deafness |
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Penred's disease |
there is abnormal iodine metabolism resutlting to thyromegaly |
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Penred's disease |
patients are usually born with severe sensorineural hearing loss |
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Congenital Rubella syndrome |
one of the most common cause of non-genetic congenital deafness |
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Congenital Rubella |
deafness, cataracts and cardiac abnormalities |
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Erythroblastosis fetalis |
deposition of bilirubin in the CNS, jaundice, mental retardation and deafness |
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conductive hearing loss |
hearing loss caused by Middle ear infection |
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senroineural hearing loss |
hearing loss caused by viral infections |
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Bilaterla hearing loss |
hearing loss caused by meningitis |
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sensorineural hearing loss |
luetic hearing loss causes |
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Presbycusis |
loss of hearing secndary to aging |
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Ototoxicity |
defined as damage to cochlea or vestibula apparatus from exposure to a chemical source |
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Aspirin |
heearing loss secondary to this drug is reversible |
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amingylcosides |
permanent hearing loss are caused by |
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Meniere's disease |
disease caused by swelling of the endolymphatic space |
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Meniere's disease |
have fluctuating hearing loss, associated with bouts of vertigo and tinnitus |
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Longitudinal fracture |
involves external auditory canal usually bleeds causing conductive hearing loss |
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Transverse fracture |
travels throught he petrous apex or the labyrinth |
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Transverse fracture |
fracture that can cause facial nerve paralysis and total loss of hearing |
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Barotrauma |
condition where the inner ear is damaged by pressure changes |
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Osteosclerosis |
disease in the otic capsule where there is spongification of the bone in the otic capsule |
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Schwartz sign |
cochlear promontory may have a faint pink tinge, due to vascularity of lesion |
