Audiology And Hearing Disorders, Natalie Mcintire, 9/7/14

Front 1

What two parts compose the outer ear?

Back 1

auricle or pinna and the external auditory canal (aka external auditory meatus)

Front 2

What is suspended in the middle ear by ligaments?

Back 2

Ossicular Chain

Front 3

Name the two muscles in the middle ear that dampen the vibrations of the ossicular chain and tympanic membrane.

Back 3

tensor tympani and stapedius muscles

Front 4

What is the function of the eustachian tube?

Back 4

Helps to maintain equal air pressure within and outside the middle ear.

Front 5

What frequencies do the human ear respond to?

Back 5

Frequencies in the range of 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz

Front 6

At what age do babies turn their heads to respond to sound?

Back 6

3-4 months

Front 7

Explain the process of air conduction.

Back 7

Sound goes in and strikes the tympanic membrane. The tympanic membrane moves which causes the ossicles to move. The fluid in the inner ear begins to move causing vibrations in the basilar membrane of cochlea. Hair cells supplied by acoustic nerve respond to the vibrations, and the sound is carried to the brain via the acoustic nerve. The sound travels through the medium of air.

Front 8

Explain the process of bone conduction.

Back 8

The inner ear has fluids which are housed in the skull. The larger bones of the skull conduct sound, as does the ossicular chain of the middle ear. In response to airborne sound waves, the skull bones vibrate which cause the inner ear fluids to move. Therefore, the bones have conducted the sound to the inner ear.

Front 9

What is conductive hearing loss?

Back 9

This type of loss occurs when sound is not conducted efficiently through the outer ear canal to the eardrum and the ossicles of the middle ear.

Front 10

What are some possible causes of conductive hearing loss?

Back 10

Allergies, ear infection, poor eustachian tube function, ear infections, perforated eardrum, foreign object, impacted earwax, ear infection, and the absence of outer ear, ear canal, or middle ear.

Front 11

What is sensorineural hearing loss?

Back 11

This type of hearing loss occurs when the inner ear is damaged or when the nerve pathways from the inner ear to the brain are damaged.

Front 12

What are some of the causes of a sensorineural hearing loss?

Back 12

Ototoxic drugs, illnesses, genetics, head trauma, exposure to loud noise, and aging.

Front 13

What is mixed hearing loss?

Back 13

A mixed hearing loss is when sensorineural hearing loss occurs in combination with conductive hearing loss.

Front 14

What does a type A tympanometric curve suggest?

Back 14

Middle ear pressure and compliance are normal.

Front 15

What does a type As tympanometric curve suggest?

Back 15

The middle ear pressure is normal, but there is increased stiffness (otosclerosis).

Front 16

What does a type Ad tympanometric curve suggest?

Back 16

Middle ear pressure is normal, however there is decreased stiffness (break in ossicular chain).

Front 17

What does a type C tympanometric curve suggest?

Back 17

Middle ear pressure is negative (poor Eustachian tube function).

Front 18

What three things may a type B tympanometric curve suggest?

Back 18

Increased mass (no eardrum movement) and normal canal volume (middle ear cavity contains fluid).

Canal volume is abnormally small (outer ear obstruction like impacted earwax).

Canal volume is abnormally large (eardrum has been perforated or placement of pressure equalizing tube).

Front 19

Retrocochlear pathologies are generally what type of hearing losses?

Back 19

Unilateral and high frequency hearing losses.

Front 20

Name two types of retrocochlear pathologies.

Back 20

Acoustic neuromas

Auditory neuropathy

Front 21

What pathology has the following characteristics:

-Calcium carbonate crystals float freely in endolymph

-Crystals get stuck in semicircular canal

-Imbalance occurs with head motion or body position change (vertigo)

Back 21

Benign Positioning Paroxysmal Vertigo (BPPV)

Front 22

What type of hearing loss is caused by aging?

Back 22

Presbycusis

Front 23

What is another name for Meniere's Disease?

Back 23

Endolymphatic Hydrops

Front 24

What test can be used to measure the presence of dizziness by measuring eye motion using electrodes?

Back 24

ENG/VNG

Front 25

What two populations are most affected by Central Auditory Processing Disorder?

Back 25

Young children and aging populations.

Front 26

What tests are used as universal hearing screenings for newborns?

Back 26

Otoacoustic emissions testing and auditory brainstem response

Front 27

What three bones make up the ossicular chain?

Back 27

maleus, incus, and stapes

Front 28

Where is the Organ of Corti located?

Back 28

On basilar membrane

Front 29

The cochlea has a center core. What is it called?

Back 29

Modiolus

Front 30

Outer hair cells are innervated by the ____________

fibers of the nervous system.

Back 30

efferent (motor)

Front 31

Inner hair cells are innervated by the __________ fibers of the nervous system.

Back 31

afferent (sensory)

Front 32

What carries electrical sound impulses from the cochlea to the brain?

Back 32

Auditory branch of the acoustic nerve

Front 33

What is a pure tone?

Back 33

Tone of a single frequency

Front 34

Simple harmonic motion or sinusoidal motion is when ____________________.

Back 34

A tone of a single frequency repeats itself.

Front 35

Sound occurs in ______________ where each consists of one instance of _______________ and one instance of ____________.

Back 35

Cycles, compression, and rarefaction.