Au Cell Biology - Exam 2

Front 1

Describe the four types of molecules than can and cannot pass through the phospholipid bilayer.

Back 1

Hydrophobic molecules and small, uncharged polar molecules can pass through. Large polar and ions cannot pass.

Front 2

Three major classes of membrane lipids.

Back 2

Phospholipids, Glycolipids and Sterols

Front 3

What are the four components of phospholipids.

Back 3

Choline, Phosphate, Glycerol, and fatty acid (2 tails)

Front 4

What are the three components of a glycolipid and where are they located in the membrane.

Back 4

Galactose, outside, sphingosine and fatty acid are in the membrane.

Front 5

What are the two types of sterols.

Back 5

Cholesterol found in humans, phytosterols found in plants, none in eukaryotes.

Front 6

Describe the structure of sterols

Back 6

four rings with an OH group on the head.

Front 7

What is a the sterol-like molecule found in prokaryotes

Back 7

hopanoid

Front 8

Three changes in osmolarity in plants and animals

Back 8

Hypertonic solution causes animal cells to be shrivel and plant cells to be plasmolyzed. Isotonic solution contains normal animal cells and flaccid plant cells. Hypotonic solution causes lysed animal cells and turgid plant cells.

Front 9

What are phospholipid translocators called

Back 9

flipases

Front 10

What are two experiments that can be used to determine membrane fluidity

Back 10

florescent recovery and cell fusion.

Front 11

What are 3 things that affect membrane fluidity.

Back 11

Saturation of hydrocarbons, amount of cholesterol, length of hydrocarbons

Front 12

Four classes of membrane proteins

Back 12

transmembrane, membrane associated, lipid-linked, protein-attached

Front 13

two groups of sugar protein coatings

Back 13

glycoprotein - small sugar chain, proteoglycan - large sugar cahin

Front 14

four membrane protein functions

Back 14

transporters, anchors, receptors, enzymes

Front 15

three types of transport proteins

Back 15

uniport, symport, antiport

Front 16

three types of active transport

Back 16

coupled, atp-driven, light-driven

Front 17

4 types of transport ATPases

Back 17

P-Type - plasma membrane cations, aspartic acid
V-Type - cations for vacuoles, vesicles
F-Type - cations bacteria, mito
ABC-Type - binding cassette, nutrient update

Front 18

example of a light driven proton pump

Back 18

retinal

Front 19

2 things about ion channels

Back 19

very specific, and very fast

Front 20

technique for studying ion channels

Back 20

patch clamping

Front 21

4 types of gated ion channels

Back 21

voltage-gated, ligand-gated extracellular, ligand-gated intracellular, mechanically gated

Front 22

Resting Membrane potential, threshold potential, max potential

Back 22

-60 mV, -40 mV, +40 mV

Front 23

Describe excitatory synapase

Back 23

allows influx of Na+ to depolarize membrane

Front 24

Describe inhibitory synapase

Back 24

allows influx of Cl- to keep membrane polarized

Front 25

Equation for cell respiration

Back 25

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

Front 26

type of bonds between phosphates in ATP

Back 26

phosphoanhydride

Front 27

type of bond between phosphate and ribose

Back 27

phosphodiester

Front 28

delta g for atp hydrolysis

Back 28

-7.3

Front 29

2 reasons why ATP hydrolysis is exergonic

Back 29

charge repulsion, resonance stabilization

Front 30

What are the products of glycolysis

Back 30

2 NADH + 2H+, 2 ATP, 2 Pyruvate (3-carbon), 2H2O

Front 31

Two types of phosphorylation and where used

Back 31

krebs and glycolysis uses substrate phosphorylation, ETC uses oxidative phoshporylation

Front 32

What happens during the energy investiment phase of glycolysis and the energy pay off phase

Back 32

energy investment uses 2 ATP, energy payoff creates 4 ATP and 2 NADPH

Front 33

3 reasons why phosphorylation is necessary in glycolysis

Back 33

negative charge on PO4 traps glucose in the plasma membrane, makes glucose more reactive, two PO4 addtions makes glucose symmetrical so it can be split

Front 34

formula for phase 1 of glycolysis

Back 34

glucose + 2ATP -> 2 G3P + 2 ADP + 2 Pi

Front 35

3 events that occur during pyruvate decarboxylation

Back 35

CO2 removed, CoA added, NADH made

Front 36

Intermediates and products of the Krebs cycle

Back 36

Acetyl CoA (2C), Citrate (6C), Isocitrate, (NADH and CO2), alpha-ketogluterate (5C), (NADH and CO2), Succinyl CoA (4C), (GTP), Succinate, (FADH2), Fumarate, Malate, (NADH), Oxaloacetate

Front 37

Two important components of NADH and FADH2

Back 37

ribose and adenine

Front 38

enzyme that adds phostphate and one that removes

Back 38

kinase adds, phosphatase removes

Front 39

Pyruvate dehydrogenase does what and what its components

Back 39

takes pyruvate and produces NADH and CO2 and acetyl CoA. made up of 3 enzymes, 5 coenzymes and 2 regulatory proteins

Front 40

What turns on Pyruvate Dehydrogenase and what turns off

Back 40

CoA, NAD+, AMP turn on. Acetyl CoA, NADH, ATP turn off.

Front 41

Three regulatory enzymes of the Krebs cycle and what turns on/off

Back 41

Isocitrate dehydrogenase (on by ADP), a-ketogluterate dehydrogenase (off by Succinyl CoA), malate dehydrogenase (all at points of NADH production) all turned off by NADH

Front 42

5 different electron carriers

Back 42

flavoprotiens - (FAD) carriers protons
Iron-sulfur protiens - cannot carry protons
Cytochromes - heme iron proteins, cannot carry protons
Copper-containing cytochromes - bio metallic
Coenzyme Q - non-protein

Front 43

What does the reduction potential value mean

Back 43

negative means good donor, positive means good acceptor

Front 44

Describe the flow of electrons through the ETC from NADH

Back 44

NADH, complex I (pumps 4 protons), CoQ (moves 2 protons), complex III (pumps 2 protons), cytochrome c, complex IV (pumps 2 protons), H20

Total of 10 protons pumped, ATP synthase moves 3 per ATP created

Front 45

Describe the flow of electrons through the ETC from FADH2

Back 45

FADH2, complex II, CoQ (2 protons moved), complex III (2 protons pumped), complex IV (2 protons pumped)

6 protons total

Front 46

Describe the ATP synthase model

Back 46

ADP and Pi enter the O subunit, proton causes gamma subunit to 120 degrees, O subunit changes to L subunit, another proton causes rotation, L subunit changes to T, ATP is formed, another proton passes, L becomes O and ATP leaves

Front 47

What is the Glycerol Phosphate shuttle

Back 47

How to transport electrons from NADH made during glycolysis into the mitochondria for the ETC. Uses G3P and DHAP

Front 48

Describe the pathways a food could follow through catabolism

Back 48

Carbos form sugars and enter through glycolysis

Fats form glycerol which forms G3P, and Fatty acids which form Acetyl CoA

Protiens form Amino Acids which can form Pyruvate, Acetyl CoA or enter the Citric Acid Cycle

Also, all these path ways can be run in reverse using ATP.

Front 49

Describe what happens during fatty acid catabolism cycle

Back 49

1 acetyl CoA is created, 1 NADH is created, 1 FADH2 is created

Front 50

Name 5 ETC poisons and how they work

Back 50

Rotenone blocks at complex I, Cyanide and CO block at complex IV, DNP allows protons to flow through the membrane, Oligomycin blocks ATP synthase (used in yeast infections)

Front 51

MELAS disease name and treatments

Back 51

mitochondrial myopathy encephalopathy lactic acidosis syndrome

no fasting, vitamins, no toxins, syptomatic treatments

Front 52

In photosynthesis where does the Oxygen in water end up

Back 52

In O2 so water is oxidized and O2 to is reduced to sugar

Front 53

What is the wavelength range of visible light

Back 53

380-750nm violet is 380 and red is 750

Front 54

Why are leaves green

Back 54

chlorophyll absorbs blue and red light reflecting green

Front 55

Describe the significance of the structure f chlorophyll

Back 55

-Long hydrophbic tail inserts into thylakoid membrane
-Green area is porphyrin ring with Mg in the middle

Front 56

Difference between Chlorophyll A and B

Back 56

Chloro. A has CH3 attached to ring and is used in the reaction center,
B has CHO attached to ring and is the light harvesting complex

Front 57

Describe the flow of electron through the first part of photosynthesis

Back 57

Photons strike light harvesting complex in photosystem II, energy is transferred to P680 in reaction center which removes electrons from water. High energy electrons move to plastoquinone, cytochrome complex which pumps protons into the thylakoid space, then to plastocyanin, light strikes light harvesting complex of photosystem I, energy and electrons move to P700 in reaction center, then ferrodoxin, then NADP+ reductase to generate NADPH

Front 58

What is the pH difference between thylokoid space and mitochondrial intermembrane space and why does the difference exist

Back 58

3 pH or 1000 times. Mito. membrane has porins which leak charge

Front 59

When is the cyclic electron flow employed

Back 59

when nadph concentration is high

Front 60

What happens during the first step of the calvin cycle

Back 60

3 molecules of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (5 carbon) fix 3 CO2 and 3H20 with the help of rubisco and form 6 3-phosphoclycerate (3 carbon) after this the triose phosphates are formed G3P and DHAP

Front 61

Describe the different activities of rubisco

Back 61

Carboxylase activity produces two phosphoglycerate

Oxygenase produces one phosphoglycerate and one phosphoglycolate (bad), this is called photorespiration because it uses 02 and emits CO2

Front 62

What is the Glycolate Pathway

Back 62

Organelles transform phosphoglycolate to phosphoglycerate, this uses ATP

Front 63

How does thioredoxin work

Back 63

Ferredoxin reduces thioredoxin which reduces and activates calvin cycle enzyme

Front 64

What does rubisco activase do

Back 64

Removes inhibitory sugar from rubisco, high ADP inhibits rubsico

Front 65

Where does carbohydrate synthesis occur

Back 65

starch is created in the stroma, sucrose is created in the cytosol, other chloroplast synthesized compounds include fatty acids chlorophyll and carotenoids

Front 66

What does the phosphate translocator do

Back 66

It is an antiport on the outer chloroplast membrane that brings in Pi and moves out G3P and DHAP

Front 67

What is the difference between c3 and c4

Back 67

C4 uses 5 ATP per carbon, performs calvin cycle in bundle sheath cell instead of mesophyll, uses PEP carboxylase a smarter version of rubisco, passes co2 to bundle sheath from malate -> pyruvate.

c3 uses 3 atp per carbon and does not have bundle sheath cells, does everything in mesophyll

Front 68

Describe the CAM cycle

Back 68

done in succulents, cacti, and orchids, fixes 25 times more carbon per h2o vs c3 per unit of water loss. opens stomata only at night, stores carbon in the form of malic acid in vacuoles which make up 80% of the plant cells

Front 69

three ways phospholipids can move in the bilayer

Back 69

rotation, lateral diffusion, transverse diffusion (with the help of flippase)

Front 70

Describe phospholipid synthesis

Back 70

a vesicle comes from the smooth ER and adds to the cystolic face, flippase catalyzes the transfer to produce symmetric growth

Front 71

What is the membrane transition temperature

Back 71

the midpoint between fluid and gel

Front 72

describe how cholesterol affects membrane fluidity

Back 72

above trans. temp makes membrane rigid, below trans. temp prevents tight fit

Front 73

what is homeoviscous adaptation

Back 73

when cells change lipid composition to adapt to heat or cold, a hibernating bear adds unsaturated hydrocarbs so it doesn't freeze.

Front 74

type of membrane associated protein

Back 74

integral monotopic protein

Front 75

three types of lipid anchored proteins and where located

Back 75

fatty acid and prenyl on cystolic, GPI on noncystolic

Front 76

types of bonding in peripheral or membrane associated

Back 76

hydrogen or van der waals

Front 77

describe a detergent

Back 77

small amphipathic molecule with one short tail and a large head so it is cone shaped, forms micelles

Front 78

three groups of membrane sugars

Back 78

proteoglycan, glycoprotein, glycolipid,

Front 79

two purposes of sugars on membrane

Back 79

identification (ABO blood groups) and lubrication

Front 80

two types of glycolization

Back 80

N-linked (to amino group) O-linked to oxygen

Front 81

type of receptors that recognize sugar

Back 81

lectins

Front 82

Three types of enzymes in pyruvate dehydrogenase

Back 82

transacetylase, dehydrogenase, decarboxylase

Front 83

The steps to transport NADH from glycolysis to ETC

Back 83

GPDH converts DHAP to Glycerol-3-Phospate with e- from NADH, this is transported into the intermembrane space, a membrane bound GPDH converts back to DHAP and moves e- to FADH2 in the membrane

Front 84

Name of the cytochrome complex in photosynthesis

Back 84

B6/F

Front 85

the three organelles involved with the glycolate pathway

Back 85

chloroplasts, peroxizomes, mitochondria