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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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conversion between eV and cm-1 |
1eV = 8066cm-1 |
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gross structure |
electron and nuclear attraction electron electron repulsion electron kinetic energy |
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fine structure |
spin orbit interactions relativistic corrections |
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hyperfine structure |
nuclear attractions |
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wavenumber |
1/wavelength |
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reduced mass |
1/m = 1/me + 1/mn |
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energy using rydbergs constant |
En = - Rh/n^2 = |
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R infinity hc |
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equations for the transition between states |
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equations for bohr radius and fine structure constant |
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angular momentum operator |
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probability in terms of radial function |
P(r) =r^2R(r)^2 |
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eigenfunction of L^2 operator |
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values of ml |
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normalisation |
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electric dipole |
2 oppositely charged charges separated by a distance vibrations of electrons. create fluctuating dipole |
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spontaneous emissions |
emission of a photon when an atom de-excites |
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homogenous broadening |
affects all indivual atoms in the same way natural and collision broadening |
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inhomogeneous broadening |
affects atoms in different ways found in solids where atoms experience different local environments |
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assumption for atoms |
that they are spherical symmetric |
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equation for electric dipole |
p=qd |
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fermi's golden rule |
W12 = (2pi/hbar)|M12|^2 g(hf) |
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equation for parity |
parity = (-1)^L |
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Einstein constant A |
A=1/tau |
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equation for the time between collisions |
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observable frequency for doppler broadening |
f = f0(1±vx/c) |
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non radiative transition time |
1/tau = A + 1/tau(non radiative) |
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polarised light in terms.of perturbation |
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collision broadening |
gas collides with the wall and interrupts the emission of light uncertainty principle |
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selection rules |
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natural broadening |
photon emitted causes a burst of light that decays exponentially caused lorentzian line delta E delta t > h bar |
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doppler broadening |
thermal motion doppler shift in frequency |
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aufbau principle |
the filling up of shells in order of increasing every |
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quantum defect |
allows for perturbation of inner shells by the valence electrons |
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bohr formula |
z can be z effective |
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types of series |
k series n=1e has been ejected l series n=2e m series n=3e |
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shell model |
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evidence for Shell model |
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absorption edge |
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equation for quantum defect |
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screening |
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emission spectra |
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spin orbit coupling |
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force on a magnetic dipole |
Fz = uz (dB/dz) |
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spin momentum |
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spin orbit interaction and types of coupling based on interaction |
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what happens to L+S when there are 2 electrons |
has to be even |
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evidence for spin |
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LS coupling |
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shorthand |
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rules for ground state (hunds rules) |
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helium wavefunction |
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Pauli exclusion principle |
absense of a triplet is the same as trying to put 2e- in same state |
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exchange energy |
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gyrometric ratio (gamma) |
e/2m it specifies the proportionally constant between angular momentum and its magnetic moment |
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Thomas precession |
reduces energy by a factor of 2 |
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interval rule |
levels with same L and S but different J are separated by an energy that is proportional to J |
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mass effects |
changes in nuclear mass make changes to reduced mass hence energies |
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field effects |
electrons in s shell have a finite probability of penetrating the nucleus therefore sensitive to charge distribution |
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comparison of nucleus to electrons |
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total momentum including nuclear momentum |
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magnetic moment and derivation |
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magnetic moment z component |
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magnetic field in z |
Bz = u0I/2r |
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Central field |
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spin on nucleus |
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hyperfine energy |
<I. J> |
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normal zeeman effect |
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longitudinal observation of normal. zeeman effect |
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transverse observation of normal zeeman effect |
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quantum confined stark effect |
exciton from optical absorption binding energy is small very unstable |
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pashen back effect |
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anomalous zeeman effect |
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quadratic stark effect |
small redshift is proportional to root energy |
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linear stark effect |
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definition of laser |
an oscillator as well as an amplifier amplification achieved by stimulated emission |
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losses from a laser |
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positive feedback diagram |
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condition for oscillation |
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A and B coefficients of emission and absorption |
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population inversion |
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four level system |
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three level system |
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define cavity |
provided positive feedback that turns an amplifier into an oscillator |
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define transverse modes |
describe the variation if the E field across a cross section of a beam. |
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define longitudinal modes |
determines emission spectra |
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multimode operation |
for a given longitudinal mode to oscillate, its frequency must lie within the emission spectra |
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single mode operation |
make laser with one mode |
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mode locking |
emission of a continuous train of short pulses |
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active technique |
time independent shutter opened every 2L/c seconds |
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passive technique |
saturable absorber put into cavity |
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spatial coherence |
related to phase uniformity across a cross section high in single modes |
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temporal coherence |
refers to time duration over which the phase is constant |
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H n and m values |
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Length of cavity |
L = int x c/2nf |
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frequency in cavity |
f = int x c/2nl |
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minimum pulse duration |
delta t min delta f > 1/2pi |
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temporal coherence time |
tc = 1/detla f |
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coherence length |
lc = ct = c/delta f |
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root mean squared velocity |
v = root(3kt/m) |
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doppler shifted frequency |
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max force on an atom |
Fx = - h/lamda tau |
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deceleration |
ax = - h/mlamda tau |
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cycles to stop an atom |
N =mu(x) lamda/h |
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min time to stop an atom |
tmin = N(stop) x tau |
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min distance travelled to stop an atom |
d = u(x) ^2/2a^2 |
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doppler limit temperature |
T = h bar /2Kb tau |
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recoil temperature |
T = h^2/mKlamda^2 |
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debroglie wavelength |
lamda = h/root(3mkT) |
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wavefunction overlap |
N/V = 1/debroglie wavelength ^2 |
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temperature of condensation |
Tc = 1/3 h^2/mk (N/V) ^2/3 |
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BEC |
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optical molasses |
fix laser beam arrangement to. stop atoms moving in all 3 directions |
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magneto-optical trap |
add magnetic coils above and below laser beams |
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low field seeking |
experience potential minimum at the centre traps then close to origin |
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sisphysis cooling |
atoms repeatedly climb to top. of. potential created by stark effect and then drop down after absorption and emission of a photon |
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procedure of BEC |
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what does doppler cooling ignore |
stimulated emission |
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temp comparison between optical molasses and doppler limit |
optical molasses cools atoms to below temp of doppler limit. |
