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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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7 Different Ways of Seeing the Atmosphere |
Graphs (Meteogram), Sounding Diagram, Isopleths, Plotted Data, Images (Radar and Satellite), Visualizations (3D Renderings), Equations, Conceptual Model |
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Accuracy |
Degree to which the response of a sensor to its immediate or distant environmental signal conforms to the true (but never knowable) value of the quantity |
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True Value |
The value which is assumed to characterize a quantity in the conditions which exist at the moment when the quantity is observed. An ideal value which could be known only if all causes of error were eliminated. |
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Representativeness |
How well it serves to characterize the state of the atmosphere in the vicinity of the instrument |
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Siting Requirements |
WMO (World Meteorological Organization) establish the siting requirements for observations for each type of instrument to ensure, as much as possible, standard methods are used to obtain measurement sod the characteristics of the atmosphere. |
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Requirements of temperature measurements |
Put at a heigh between 1.25m and 2.00m (standard of 1.5m) above ground level. The screen needs to be freely exposed to the sun and wind not shielded by trees or buildings or other obstructions. At a station where snow is persistent. Ground cover beneath the screen should e grass or where grass does not grow. The screen should be white to reflect radiation and be kept clean. |
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Requirements of wind measurements |
An anemometer or vane should be at a height of 10 meters above the ground. The distance between the anemometer and any obstruction is at least ten times the height of the obstruction. |
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Requirements of precip measurements |
The gauge should be situated on flat ground and not be located near slopes. Should never be located on roofs or on walls. The distance of the gauge from surrounding high objects should be not less than twice the height of the object above the rim of the gauge. |
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Surface observations: What does ASOS and AWOS stand for? Also COOP, C-MAN, and Buoys? |
ASOS: Automated Surface Observing System (NWS) AWOS: Automated Weather Observing System (FAA) COOP: Cooperative Observer Network C-MAN: Coastal Marine Automated Network Buoys: Ocean Weather Buoys |
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Instantaneous Rate of Change |
The instantaneous change of parameter , either by time or by distance, or both, is an important parameter in many equations to express the characteristics of the atmosphere. To find: Draw a line tangent to the trace of time ad compute the slope (change in pressure/change of time) |
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METAR observations |
Hourly weather reports given from airports |
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SNYNOP observations |
Taken by certain stations ever 3 hours (0Z, 06Z, 12Z) |
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Ship and Aircraft Observations |
The observational parameters are measure over different locations. |
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Wind Observations |
Wind is a vector (both magnitude and direction). Instruments: Anemometer and wind vane, aerovane, sonic anemometer |
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Derivatives in Time and Space |
If a graph is drawn with the values of a quantity on the vertical and time of the horizontal, then drawing a line tangent to the graph and deterring the slope will determine the derivative with respect to time. (also can be done with x-y-z graph with respect to direction |
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Advection |
The rate of change of some property of the atmosphere by the horizontal movement of air. (The rate of change is a derivative) |
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Four types of sounding observations |
Radiosondes (Measures pressure, temperature, relative humidity); Pibals (Balloons that measure wind speed and direction); Rawinsondes (Tracked by either a radio, radar, or by GPS); Dropsondes (dropped from an aircraft or from a constant pressure balloon) |
