Atahri Chapter 2 History

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Celtic culture (Iron Age)

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Aculture throughout the North-West European country, 2000 years ago

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Prehistoricperiod in which Celts intermingled with present day people

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Chief significance of this period is its mysterie, mostly found back in architecture like Wiltshire: Silbury Hill and Stonehenge

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Stonehenge

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One of the most famous and mysterious archaeological sites in the world. How it was built and what its purpose was is the biggest mystery. It was built somewhere between 50,000 and 43,000 years ago in Wiltshire "cߗ*

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The Roman Period

(date)

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43-410 AD

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Britannia

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The Roman province that covered moest of present-day England and Wales

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The Picts and the Scots

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The Scots migrated from Ireland to Scotland, where the Picts lived. Together with the Picts they became the opponent of the Romans

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Hadrian's Wall

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Built across the Northern border of the province of Britannia by the Romans in the second century. It was built to protect themselves from attack by the Scots and Picts.

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Germanic Invasion

When?

Who?

Influence?

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410-1066 AD. The Anglo-Saxons introduced new farming methods and founded self-sufficient villages.

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Spreading of Christianity through Britain

When?

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6th and 7th century

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Vikings/Norsemen/Danes

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Theyinvaded Britain in the 8th century. In the 9th century,they conquered and settled the island around Scotland and some coastal regionsof Ireland. At the end of the 10th century England was a UnitedKingdom with a Germanic culture throughoutmߜ3+

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Medieval Period

When?

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1066 - 1458 AD

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1066 (the Battle of Hastings)

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· The Norman Invasion (14th of October 1066). Invading army from Normandy defeated the English. · King Harold died and Duke William of Normandy (William the Conquerer) was crowned King of England. · The invasion was small-scaled à there was no Norman area of settlement. · Norman soldiers got ownership of land and people living on it. A feudal system was imposed

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Barons

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French-speaking Saxons

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Peasants under the lesser lord

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English-speaking Saxons

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Black Death

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A bunonic plague. First outbreak in middle of 14th century. +- 1/3 of GB's population. Kept on returning periodically for about 300 years.

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The War of the Roses

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· Nobles divided into two groups: House of Lancaster and House of York · Called War of the Roses because Lancaster’s symbol was a red rose and York’s symbol was a white rose · War ended in 1485 when Henry Tudor, a Lancastrian, defeated and killed Richard III, a Yorkist, at the Battle of Bosworth Field · Power of Barons severely weakened

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The Battle of Bosworth Field

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· Richard III became Protector of his heir and realm when his brother Edward IV, and former King, died in 1483, until his son Edward V was old enough to be crowned · There were coup attempts in preparation by the Woodvilles (former Queen’s unpopular relations) to make Richard III’s protectorate worthless. When this was disclosed, Richard III became King · Henry Tudor invaded England. On the 22nd of August 1485 the Battle started. Henry’s army killed Richard III and he became King · Start of the Tudor Dynasty

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Actof Supremacy (1534)

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· KingHenry VIII declared that he was the only supreme head on earth of the Church ofEngland and that the English crown should enjoy all honours, dignities,pre-eminences, jurisdictions, privileges, authorities, immunities, profits andcommodities to the said dignity· RomanChurch got rejected and there was a sudden rise of Protestantism in EnglandPoliticaland personal rather than doctrinal, because Henry VIII wanted a divorce which,according to the church, he couldn’t getcm;/

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Henry VIII

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· Took6 wives during his life· Popularimage of a ‘bon viveur’· Naturalleader, not really interested in day-to-day running of governmentDuringhis reign, reformation to professional bureaucracy took placems/

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ElizabethI (daughter of Henry VIII)

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· 1stof 3 long-reigning Queens in British history· Establishedreasonable degree of internal stability, allowing growth of patriotism andgeneral confidence· Famousfor never having married, known as ‘The Virgin Queen’Virginia(USA) was named after herstyle='/

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JamesI

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· FirstEnglish King of the Stuart Dynasty· Hewas King James VI of ScotlandCrownsof England, Scotland and Ireland were united and linguistic differences lessenedunder his reign=EN-GB

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The Civil War

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Anger grewat the way Stuart monarch raised money without agreement of the Common.Dissatisfaction of Puritans led to the Civil War.· Contestbetween aristocratic royalist ‘Cavaliers’ and puritanical parliamentarian‘Roundheads’Roundheadswere victorious by 1645 --> war continued until 1649

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Charles I (James I's son)

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1stmonarch in Europe to be executed after a formal trial after crimes against hispeople. Oliver Cromwell was his follow-up, but he was so unpopular that afterhis death, the people asked Charles II (executed king’s son) to return andbecome kingonta+

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Glorious Revolution

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Prince William of Orange and his Stuart wife Mary accepted to become king and queen. Parliament drew up a Bill of Right (limited some of monarch's powers)

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Act of Union

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1707. Scottish parliament was dissolved under this agreement. Some of its members joined English and Welsh parliament in London.

Former two kingdoms became ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’. Scotland did keep its own law system (still does today)

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The Whigs (18th century)

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Political descendants of parliamentarians. Supported Protestant values of hard work and thrift. Believed in monarch and aristocracy together.

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The Tories (18th century)

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Greater respect for the idea of monarchy and importance of Anglican Church. Whigs and Tories were beginning of British party system.

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industrial Revolution

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Started in the 18th century. Reasons:

1. Many technical innovations in manufacture and transport.

2. Britain, along West African coast and in India. This made a greatly increased trading possible.

Larger and more efficient farms were a result of the revolution

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19th century

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• Century in which Britain lost its most important colonies in North America in the War of Independence, which ended just before this century

• Ireland now was part of the UK itself, the empire

• British culture and way of life became to predominate in Ireland in this century

• By the end of the century, the whole remaining population of the UK switched to English as their first language

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20th century

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At the beginning of this century, Britain was the richest country worldwide. In WWII it became clear that Britain could no longer be a superpower. USA and Soviet Union became more important. When Britain rejoins Europe in 1973, its role of ‘the world’s policemen’ is taken over by USA en the empire disappears

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The Suffragettes

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Women demanding the right to vote, prepared to damage property and even die for their beliefs

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1919

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British empire reached greatest extent

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1997

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Britain handed Hong Kong back to China, losing its last imperial possession of any significant size

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Queen Victoria

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Longest reigning monarch in British history so far (after Elizabeth I since recently)

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Magna Carta (1215)

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Also known as The Great Charter of the Liberties of England. Required King John of England to proclaim certain liberties. First document forced onto a king in an attempt to limit his powers by law and protect the feudal barons’ privileges

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The Domesday Book

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Therecord of all the people and things in the country, compiled by William I (‘TheConquerer’)

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The Canterbury Tales

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Famous stories written by Geoffrey Chaucer

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The White Man's Burden

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A poem by Rudyard Kipling to describe sense of moral obligation among British Empire buildings

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The Common

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Anarea of land which used to be available for use by everybody in a village

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The Reformation

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Setof laws passed in the 16th century which took away the power of theRoman Catholic Church in England