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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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External structures of eye |
cornea-transparent, avascular outer layer of the eyeballanterior chamber- filled with aqueous humorpupil- the aperture of the iris |
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Internal anatomy |
outer fibrous sclera middle vascular choroid inner nervous retina |
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Cornea |
thin transparent and very sensitive to touch |
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Pupil |
round and regular size determined by balance of parasympathetic and sympathetic Constriction caused through CN III |
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Lens |
biconvex disc posterior of pupil refracting medium |
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Movement of extraocular muscles |
Controlled by CN VI, IV, and III |
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Pupillary Light Reflex |
normal constriction of the pupils when bright light shines on the retina |
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Development of infant |
Birth eye function limited Peripheral vision is intact in newborn Macula the area of keenest vision absent but developed by 4 months and mature by 8 months |
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Presbyopia |
Condition of near vision due to the ability of the lends not able to change shape 50% of people after age of 40 |
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Cataract |
clouding of crystalline lens from a clumping of proteins risk starts over 40 age 80 half of people will have it women > men higher in whites. except young black female |
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Glaucoma |
optic nerve neuropathy characterized by loss of peripheral vision caused by increased intraocular pressure Age 40 |
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Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) |
loss of central vision caused by yellow deposits and neovascularity in the macula Risks in women and older age person unable to read, sew, or do fine work and difficulty distinguishing faces. peripheral vision not affected Prevelant in whites |
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Diabetic Retinopathy |
Leading cause of blidness in working age 25-74 vision impairment with difficulty driving, reading, and other self care |
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Scotoma |
blind spot surround by an area of normal or decreased vision |
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Diplopia |
perception of two images of a single object in one eye is caused by eye problem such as dry eyes or cataract binocular diplopia occurs with misalignment of axes of eyes |
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Epiphora |
excessive tearing |
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Snellen Eye Chart |
20 feet away from chart |
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Test Visual Field |
Confrontation Test-when they see hand coming from side |
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Corneal Light Reflex (Hirschberg Test) |
Note reflection of light on the corneas. Should be in exact same spot in each eye |
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Nystagmus |
fine oscillating movement best seen around the iris occurs with disease of the semicircular canals in the ears, brain lesions, multiple sclerosis at lateral gaze is normal. |
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Lid Lag |
White rim of sclera between lid and the iris occurs with hyperthyroidism |
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Scleral icterus |
even yellowing of sclera extending up to the cornea indicating jaundice |
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Periorbital Edema |
Lids are swollen and puffy lid tissues are loosely connected so excess fluid is easily apparent occurs with local infections, crying, and systemic conditions |
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Exophthalmos |
Protruding eyes upper lid rests well above the limbus and white sclera is visible |
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Enophthalmos (Sunken Eyes) |
a look of narrowed palpebral fissures. eyeballs are recessed bilateral is caused by loss of fat in the orbitals occurs with dehydration and chronic wasting illness |
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Ptosis (drooping upper lid) |
occurs from neuromuscular weakness Damage in CN III or sympathetic nerve sleepy appearance and impairs vision |
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Upward Palpebral Slant |
normal in children but when combined with epicanthal folds and hypertelorism (large spacing btwn eyes) it indicates downs |
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Ectropion |
lower lid is loose and rolling out. does not approximate to eyeball eyes feel dry and itchy because does not drain correctly increase chance of inflammation |
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Entropion |
Lower lids rolls in because of spasm of lids or scar tissue contracting foreign body sensation |
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Blepharitis (inflammation of the eyelids) |
red scaly greasy flakes and thickened crusted lid margins occur wit staph infection. includes burning itching tearing foreign body sensation and some pain |
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Chalazion |
beady nodule protruding on the lid infection or retention cyst of meibomian gland chronic- nontender firm discrete sweeling with freely movable skin. acute- tender warm red and points inside |
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Hordeolum (stye) |
acute localized staph infection of the hair follicles at the lid margin painful red and swollen superficial elevated pustule at the lid margin |
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Dacryocystitis (inflammation of the lacrimal sac) |
infection and blockage of sac and duct pain warmth redness and swelling occurs below inner canthus toward the nose tearing is present infection of the lacrimal gland occurs with mumps measles and infectious mononucleosis or from trauma |
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Basal Cell carcinoma |
often on the lower lid and present as a small painless nodule with central ulceration and sharp, rolled out pearly edges occurs in older adults associated with ultraviolet exposure and light skin locally invasive |
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Anisocroria |
Unequal pupil size considered central nervous system disease |
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Monocular Blindness |
Light to blind eye no response in both eye Light to good eye. Response in both unless nerve is not intact |
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Mydriasis |
Dilated and fixed pupils stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system acute glaucoma, trauma, or drugs |
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Miosis |
Constricted and fixed pupil glaucoma treatment |
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Argyll Roberson Pupil |
no reaction to light pupil does constrict with accommodation small and irregular bilaterally Brain tumor, meningitis, and chronic alcoholism |
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Tonic Pupil (Adie's pupil) |
reaction to light and accommodation is sluggish usually unilateral |
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Horner Syndrome |
unilateral small regular pupil does react to light and accommodation lesion of sympathetic nerve |
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Cranial Nerve III damage |
unilateral dilated pupil has no reaction |
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Conjunctivitis |
Infection "pink eye" red beefy looking vessels at periphery but clearer around iris preauricular lymph node often swollen and painful itching burning foreign body sensation and eyes stuck together on awakening |
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Allergic conjunctivitis |
note the upper lid. cornea are inflamed does not obscure vision |
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Iritis (Circumcorneal Redness) |
deep dull red halo around iris and cornea pupil shape may be irregular from swelling of iris person also has marked photophobia, constricted pupil, blurred vision, and throbbing pain need immediate referral |
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Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma |
circumcorneal redness around iris with dilated pupil Occurs with sudden increase in intraocular pressure from blocked outflow from anterior chamber sudden clouding of vision, sudden eye pain, halos around lights emergency treatment required |
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Sympathatic |
Upper eyelid movements and dilates pupil |
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Parasympathatic |
Pupil constricts |
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Visual accomidation |
Ask person to focus on distant object. Process dilates the pupils 1. pupillary constriction 2. convergence of the axes of the eyes |
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Pupillary light reflex test |
Constriction in both pupils when bright light is shined |
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Diagnostic positions test |
Parallel movement |
