Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
3 types of energy resources
|
Fossil Fuels
Nuclear Renewable - hydroelectric - Geothermal -Solar -Wind -Biomass |
|
|
Where does China get their oil from?
|
Russia
|
|
|
What percentage of energy consumed is from coal?
|
70%
|
|
|
How many gallons are in one barrel?
|
42 gallons
|
|
|
pros and cons of nuclear power
|
Pros: Relatively clean, no atmospheric pollution
Cons: Thermal plumes which leads to warmer water 4 factories are going online this year. People do not know what to do with the spent fuel and radioactive waste |
|
|
What is Hydroelectric power?
|
DAMS
-reservoirs and rivers -often not centrally located which causes high amounts of waste and is expensive -may be ecologically destructive -may not aid the local economy OCEAN TIDES/ WAVES/ CURRENTS -have to be in deep water - getting and keeping anchored is expensive -get washed away with big storms |
|
|
What are characteristics of geothermal power?
|
-Environmentally clean
- not centrally located |
|
|
What are characteristics of solar power?
|
-Environmentally expensive
-Technology expensive -Still small scale -Impractical in some regions due to cloud cover |
|
|
What are characteristics of wind energy?
|
-Ecological problems recently noted
-technology sound -not centrally located |
|
|
What are the characteristics of biomass?
|
WOOD
-high CO2 and NOx output -not really sustainable ORGANIC (POOP AND OTHER) -same problems as wood |
|
|
What are some new technologies for energy resources?
|
RECYCLED VEGETABLE OIL
-high potential -low CO2 and NOx output HYDRO-ELECTRIC -HYBRID ENGINES |
|
|
How does hydroelectric power work?
|
the chemicals are very simple, just hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen and oxygen atoms are joined together to produce water and electricity. Since hydrogen fuels cells rely on chemistry and not combustion, its emissions are virtually zero in comparison to the cleanest fuel combustion engines.
|
|
|
How do hybrid engines work?
|
A hybird automobil is characterized by two components, a gasoline powered engine and a electric motor.
The specially designed combustion engine is capable of turning off at a moments notice remaining on only to recharge the battery or provide energy during quick acceleration. The electric motor assists the engine during demanding acceleration. |
|
|
What are potential impacts due to new power sources to land and food?
|
-arable land loss
-soil degradation -Increase fertilizer use -degradation of water supply -increase demand on water use -wildlife habitat loss -increase in rural unemployment |
|
|
What are potential impacts due to new power sources to biodiversity?
|
-habitat loss
-species loss -biological resources loss |
|
|
What are potential impacts due to new power sources to freshwater?
|
-decreased availability
-Decreased quality -decrease in arable land |
|
|
What are potential impacts due to new power sources to marine and costal areas?
|
-Loss of natural resources
-Loss of habitat -increased storm damage -increased pollution -economic loss |
|
|
What are potential impacts due to new power sources to atmosphere?
|
-arable land and forest loss
-increased air and water pollution -increased health risk/costs |
|
|
Ways carbon can be released back into the atmosphere
|
-respiration preformed by plants and animals
-Decay of plant and animal matter -production of cement -volcanoes -surface of the ocean when the water becomes warmer -combustion of organic material -burning fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum products and natural gas |
|
|
What are the 4 parameters of forest change?
|
1) deforestation- removal
2) Afforesting- putting a forest where there wasnt one before 3) Reforestation- planting trees where there used to be a forest 4) natural expansion of forests- will become negative since there is only so far they can move up the mountain. very sensitive |
|
|
What are some affects of deforestation?
|
-increases the amount of carbon dioxide and other trace gasses in the atmosphere
-affects local climate by reducing the evaporation cooling that take place from both soil and plant life |
|
|
What is an estate change?
|
moving from a tropical to a savana climate. this is a problem since more of the sun;s energy is able to warm the surface and consequently the air above, leading to a rise in temperature
|
|
|
What are the three great cuttings in China?
|
THE GREAT LEAP FORWARD(1958-1960)
-expansion of agriculture -iron production -produced great famine CULTURAL REVOLUTION (1966-1976) -learning from dazhai -- no size fits all -state ordered relocation ECONOMIC SURGE (1979-1984) -No famine because Russia gave aid |
|
|
Ways of protecting and managing the remaining forests
|
-adopt joint forest management and/or model forest approaches- acknowledge the need to involve local people in the planning and implementation of programs
-Adopt sustainable timber harvesting which is operated under a management plan that reflects national standards for forests management -restricting logging to production forests -improving access to road and skid trail construction and maintenance -preserving forested buffer zones along water courses -minimizing falling damage -taking steps to ensure adequate regeneration of logged-over stands |
|
|
What is biodiversity?
|
Biological diversity includes a variety of all life on Earth, and the complex relationships among living things and between living things an their environment. Includes genetic variety, species diversity, variability in communities, ecosystems and landscapes
|
|
|
What are three of the 12 mega-diverse countries in Asia
|
-China
-Indonesia -Malaysia |
|
|
What is a mega-diverse country?
|
A country with 3 or more hotspots
|
|
|
What is blast fishing?
|
Practice of using explosives to stun of kill schools of fish for easy collection.
|
|
|
What is cyanide fishing?
|
method of collecting live fish for aquariums which involves sodium cyanide mixture into the desired fish's habitat in order to stun the fish
|
|
|
Why is biodiversity important?
|
-sustains the environment in which we and all other organisms live and depend
-has ecological, genetic, social, economic, scientific, educational, cultural, recreational, and aesthetic values -important for evolution and critical to maintaining the life sustaining systems of the biosphere |
|
|
What are some ecological services?
|
-Trophic level support
-carbon cycling -keystone species -ecological engineers |
|
|
What are some ways that carbon can be taken from the atmosphere?
|
-photosynthesis coverts CO2 into carbohydrates
-In ocean, organisms form exoskeletons and tissue containing reduced carbon -At the surface of the oceans towards the poles, seawater becomes cooler and CO2 is more soluble -The weathering of silicate rock |
|
|
What percent of the world land area is covered by forests?
|
26.6%
|
|
|
How much carbon does one acre of tropical forest hold?
|
180 metric tons of carbon
|
|
|
Impacts between the hydrogen cycle and deforestation
|
-Tropical deforestation affects local climate by reducing the evaporation cooling that takes places from both soil and plant life
-As trees are cleared away, the moist canopy quickly diminishes -Evaporation and evapotranspiration processes from the trees and plants return large amounts of water to the atmosphere -Less evaporation means that more of the Sun's energy is able to warm the surface and the air above leading to a rise in temperatures |
|
|
What determines biodiversity?
|
- Local/ deterministic
-Regional/ Historical view |
|
|
What is the local/deterministic view of biodiversity?
|
Diversity is determined by biological interactions, such as competition and predation occurring at the local level
|
|
|
What is the regional/historical view of biodiversity?
|
Emphasizes the importance of species differentiation and movement at the regional level and at the interaction between loca and regional levels.
|
|
|
What is the Wallace Line?
|
boundary that separates the zoogeographical regions of Asia and Wallacea.West of the line are found organisms related to Asiatic species; to the east, a mixture of species of Asian and Australian origin are present.
|
|
|
What is the Bergmann's rule?
|
Animals decrease in size towards the equator and at polar extremes
|
|
|
What are the major threats to biodiversity?
|
-Habitat loss and degradations
- invasive species -pollution -dams -overpopulation --overexploitation and consumption -global climate change |
|
|
What is an invasive species?
|
1) non-native to the ecosystem under consideration
2) whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health |
|
|
What is a native species?
|
One found in a region upon arrival of colonist
|
|
|
What is a naturalized species?
|
one that may have been introduced to a region during early colonial periods
|
|
|
What is an exotic species?
|
Any species introduced into an area
|
|
|
what are HABs
|
Harmful algal blooms that can be comprised of a number of different types of organisms and can have direct or indirect impacts
|
|
|
What are dinoflagellates?
|
Most common HAB form, often form red tides, which are large accumulations of biomass on the surface. Many have toxins that are concentrated by filter feeders and cause human illnesses and death
|
|
|
What are cyanobacteria?
|
Form surface scums. Also form in fresh water and can cause illness in cattle drinking the water
|
|
|
What are diatoms?
|
a few species generate toxins, can be concentrated in food web and cause mortality in sea lions , clams and birds
|
|
|
What are haptophytes?
|
Type of algae that has toxic properties and also generates indirect effets.
|
|
|
List thee HABs and their vector, occurance, short-term health consequence, long-term consequence, susceptible populations and susceptible regions
|
Toxin: Okadaic Acid
vector: Shellfish occurrence: Low short term health: shellfish poisoning long term health: gastrointestinal tumor impacted population: recreational shellfish harvesters impacted regions: Northeast Toxin: Azaspiracids vector: Shellfish occurrence: unknown short term health: shellfish poisioning long term health: unknown impacted population: unknown impacted regions: unknown toxin: Yessotoxins vector: Shellfish occurrence: unknown short term health: not toxic to humans but are deadly to mice long term health: unknown impacted population: unknown impacted regions: unknown |
|
|
What causes HABs?
|
-Strong correlation between nutrient inputs and the number of red tides and HABs
-Future use of fertilizers to increase even more, suggesting that correlation of nutrients with HABs will become even more pronounced in Asia. |
|
|
What are the three unique characteristics of phaeocystis blooms in China?
|
1) exceptionally large up to 3cm in diameter
2)result in extensive fish kills in coastal aquaculture 3) blooms have haemolytic activity |
|
|
What are steps that China is taking to limit the growth of HABs?
|
-adding clay to flocculate the algae
-adding chemicals or other compounds for flocculation |
|
|
what are some aspects of coastal degradation and overfishing?
|
-coastal erosion
-wetland destruction and loss of habitat -overfishing of coastal fisheries; use of alternative species and the ecological impact -aquaculture inputs into coastal systems -introduction of nutrients and other pollutants that either harm the system directly or indirectly, creating cascading ecological effects |
|
|
What is coastal morphology?
|
-occurs over long time periods
-variations in elevations, size and position reflect differences in energy input from waves/tides and sediment deposition rates -changes in shorelines occur over short and long time scales; long term changes due to erosion, sea level change, and changes in wave energy -Human changes include sand extraction, coral mining, seawall construction, mangrove destruction, causeway production and dredging |
|
|
what are some ecological benefits of mangrove forests?
|
erosion, flooding, typhoons, tsunami, carbon sequestration
|
|
|
what are some environmental impacts of inland shrimp aquaculture?
|
-soil salinization
-water pollution from pond sludge and food additives -land and water use conflicts |
|
|
what are some problems with aquaculture?
|
-concentrations of organisms in small spaces leads to increased prevalence of disease
- if grown in contaminated waters, organisms concentrate pollutants such as organics and heavy metals -concentrated release of organics in small area can lead to anoxia and contamination of surrounding environment -escape of farmed species alters gene flow and intriduces species into other regions; can also introduce diseases into natural populations -can stimulate the formation of harmful algal blooms, which in turn can toxify the species being cultures |
|
|
The more you fish....
|
- the smaller the fish get
- the total fish catch goes down - the more you collect species farther down in the food web |
|
|
What is water scarcity?
|
in general a country with less than 1700 cubic meters per capita is reguarded as experiencing water stress, while a country with less than 1000 cubic meter is reguarded as water shortage
|
|
|
what is the renewal rate for a river?
|
18 days
|
|
|
What is water degradation?
|
CONTAMINATION
-pesticides -metals -inorganic contaminants -organic contaminants DEPLETION -irrigation -development -climate change |
|
|
what countries does the Mekong River flow through?
|
China, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam, borders Thailand and source rivers come from Myanmar
|
|
|
What are some health impacts due to drinking salty water?
|
Increase in kidney diseases, diarrhea and other ailments
|
|
|
What are some unforeseen issues with the Pak Mun Damn?
|
-Energy production is high during the rainy season, which is when energy demand is least
-There was a direct displacement of people |
|
|
What are some global implications of water damns in China?
|
-May spur inflation in Chinese economy, which will impact global economies including the US
-May result in imbalance in where supplies throughout the world, since Russia banned wheat exports; prices may rise dramatically -Global wheat shortages may occur |
|
|
What are some major population issues?
|
-numbers
-changing demographics -GDP -improving human condition -urbanization -migration -consumption -ecological footprints -pressures on ecosystems |
|
|
Increase in population is due to what?
|
-High birth rates
-Decreasing infant mortality -increasing longevity |
|
|
What is the distribution of the world population?
|
-East Asia: 25% of the worlds population
-South Asia: 20% of the total -South East Asia: 500 million -Europe: 15% of the total -North America: 150 million |
|
|
define fertility
|
the average number of children every woman in a population can have during her reproductive years
|
|
|
What are some disparities in fertility rates among nations ?
|
- the use of children as economic assets by some groups
-Lack of financial security during old age may cause couples to have more children who may take care of them in old age -lack of educational opportunities for women -lack of employment opportunities -the status of women in society -religious believes -availability of family planning services -legalized abortions -a high infant mortality may compel married couples to have more children so some can live |
|
|
What is a population pyramid?
|
an age structure of a country's population that shows percentages if the total population in five year age groups
the pyramid reveals several characteristics about a country's population. They include growth, sex structure, working force, number of dependents and a record of historical events that led to high births or great loss of lives |
|
|
What are the three main population pyramid structures
|
1. Rapidly growing population: Broad-based because a large percentage of the population is usually less than 14 years old. More than 40% of their populations are under age 15.
2. Stable population: A pyramids with proportional sides – almost equal base, mid-section and top. Countries with stable populations. 3. Declining population: A pyramid with very narrow base. Few children are born. |
|
|
what are some indirect methods of addressing the population problem?
|
-increasing food production
-food aid -economic development -mass education of children |
|
|
What are some direct methods of addressing the population problem?
|
-planned parenthood and family planning services
-abortion -abstinence |
|
|
What is the ecological footprint?
|
Measures the amount of natures resources an individual, a community, or a country consumes in a given year.
|
|
|
How is food security at risk from population growth and climate change?
|
-Drought
-Heat -Soil degradation |
|
|
How is biodiversity at risk from population growth and climate change?
|
Changes air and water temperatures
-storms |
|
|
How is health/sanitation at risk from population growth and climate change?
|
lack of or poor quality water
|
|
|
How is potable water at risk from population growth and climate change?
|
decrease water quantity and quality
|
|
|
How is habitat at risk from population growth and climate change?
|
sea level rise
flooding storms |
|
|
what is an environmental disaster
|
any natural or man made even that causes a rapid decline in environmental conditions and therefor the quality of life
|
|
|
What is a natural environmental disaster
|
-cyclone
-earthquake -volcano -tsunami -flood -fire -drought -avalanche -landslides -tornados |
|
|
What is an anthropogenic land use change
|
flooding
enhanced fires famine |
|
|
What is an anthropogenic industrial accident
|
explosions
radiation poisoning chronic and or acute pollution |
|
|
what is the pacific ring of fire?
|
75% of the worlds active and dormant volcanes are here
and 80% of the worlds largest earthquakes occur along the ring of fire |
|
|
What are the 3 types of convergent boundaries?
|
ocean-continental
oceanic- oceanic continental- continental |
|
|
What is a divergent boundary?
|
at divergent boundaries new crust is created as two or more plates pull away from each other
|
|
|
What is a convergent boundaries?
|
crust is destroyed and recycled back into the interior of the Earth as one plate dives under another.
|
|
|
What is a subduction zone
|
Mountains and volcanoes are often found where plates converge
|
|
|
How are tsunamis formed?
|
-tectonic plate boundary before earthquake
-overriding plate bulges under strain, causing tectonic uplift -plate slips, causing subsidence and releasing energy into water -the energy released produces tsunami waves |
|
|
what is a tsunami?
|
a series of water waves cause by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water
|
|
|
What are cyclones?
|
an area of enclosed, circular fluid motion rotating in the same direction as the Earth
|
|
|
Which direction do cyclones spin in the northern hemisphere?
|
counter clock wise
|
|
|
Which direction do cyclones spin in the southern hemisphere?
|
clockwise
|
|
|
How are tropical cyclones formed?
|
when the energy released by the condensation of moisture in rising air causes a positive feedback loop over warm ocean waters
|
|
|
What are some environmental problems created by a disaster?
|
-air pollution
-water contamination -radiation poisoning -chemical toxicity -food contamination/shortage |
|
|
What is a social policy?
|
a policy designed to improve health, education, and living conditions that are vital for ensuring political stability and social sustainability
|
|
|
What are some examples of infectious diseases that are a leading cause of morbidity worldwide
|
-acute respiratory syndrome
-Diarrhea -TB -HIV -Malaria |
|
|
What is the life boat theory?
|
a country with too many people, other countries come to rescue to helo and it gets to a point where everyone is bailing everyone out to a point where everyone sinks
|
|
|
What are some prerequisites for a healthy society?
|
-peace
-shelter -food -education -income -stable eco-system -sustainable resources -social justice and equity |
|
|
What are the top three countries that have the highest percentage of people living under the poverty line?
|
Top three:
1)Nigeria 2)India 3) USA |
|
|
What are the three main parasitic diseases
|
Malaria – major scourge of the tropics
Filariasis – a neglected disease of poverty Schistosomiasis – another scourge with a different outcome |
|
|
what are some symptoms of Malignant tertian malaria?
|
-highly virulent
-greatest killer in tropics -vectored by Anopheles mosquitoes -cosmopolitan distribution -resists major control efforts |
|
|
What are some symptoms of acute malaria
|
Malaise, muscle pain, headaches, fever
Paroxysms - intense cold feeling followed by high fevers Delirium for several hours 8-12 hour duration Good days/bad days and rhythm of infection |
|
|
Why is malignant malaria so dangerous?
|
Proteins from trophozoite bind to glycoproteins of endothelial cells, sequestration which leads to clog venules
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
how is filariasis transfered?
|
3 types of nematodes
and eye infections caused by loa loa. |
|
|
How do humans get schisto?
|
migration through host tissues important to development
|
|
|
What are the three phases of schisto?
|
-Migratory phase
-Acute phase -Chronic Phase |
|
|
What are the four types of malaria?
|
-Benign tertian malaria (not typically fatal)
-malignant tertian malaria (often fatal) -Quartan Malaria -Mild Malaria |
|
|
What are some symptoms of cerebral malaria
|
-clogged venules and tissue hypoxia to the brian.
-progressive headache followed by fever, psychosis, coma and then death |
|
|
Why can we not get rid of malaria?
|
Humans are not the only host so a vaccine is not an option
|
|
|
What are the three phases of the filariasis?
|
-Asymptomatic phase
-Inflammatory phase -Obstructive phase |
|
|
What are the characteristics of the obstructive phase of filariasis
|
-blocked lymph vessels
-infiltration of fibrous connective tissue -calcified worms -development of elephantiasis |
|
|
What are the psychosocial impact that elephantiasis causes?
|
-sexual dysfunction
-scrotal involvement -suicide |
|
|
What is Schisto?
|
-major scourge in tropical areas
-3 worm species in humans -spread through slavery |
|
|
What happens during the acute phase of schisto?
|
-eggs in intestine or bladder are released
-Eggs in tissues cause granuloma formation where the eggs travel back into liver, lungs, and brain |
|
|
What happens during the chronic phase of schisto?
|
-chronic bloody diarrhea or pain urinating
-sever symptoms include stunting, hypertension and congestion of liver |
|
|
How is schisto spread?
|
-night soil
-poor sanitation -hookworms -snail hosts -waste water management |
|
|
Who are at most risk for schisto?
|
Men are at most risk
-farmers and fisherman Woman and Children also get infections -Children who play in water and clotheswashers |
|
|
What is ablution?
|
-Washing ones body after defection or urination.
-Water quality is a significant issue -spread of disease if water disposal or source is contaminated |
|
|
What are some ways of controlling preventable disease
|
-public education
-improved sanitation -vaccines |
|
|
What are some problems that developing countries are having with disease control and development?
|
-lack economic resources
-establish and maintain healthcare systems -blood screening -preventative programs -sanitation -food safety -education and training programs |
|
|
What is the DALY
|
Disability- adjusted life year
|
|
|
What does the DALY measure?
|
measures the overall disease burden. one DALY= one lost year of healthy life
-measures the gap between current health status and the ideal where everyone lives into old age from free disease and disability |
|
|
What are some aspects of the healthcare system and poverty in terms of disease?
|
-surveillance systems are critical to monitor control programs
-blood screening programs -early warning systems -case control and follow up |
|
|
What are some problems with blood screening?
|
-not all asian countries screen blood for HIV, Hep C, and Hep B
-limited resources and limited personnel |
|
|
What are two aspects of sanitation to help with hygiene and disease control?
|
-Clean drinking water: break fecal transmission
-Hygienic disposal of waste toilets: break water-related life cycle fertilizer issue: night soil |
|
|
What are some ways of treating drinking water?
|
-chlorination
-solar radiation -filtration |
|
|
Who developed the latrine campaigns?
|
Charles Stiles
|
|
|
What did Charles do to control the hookworm problem in the United States?
|
-Surveys
-Anthelmintics -provision of latrines -Education |
|
|
Why has malaria control failed?
|
-over-reliance on DDT with the development of insecticide resistance
-over-reliance on drugs with the development of drug resistance -Underestimation of complexity of the disease -the neglect of africa -Cost |
|
|
what are social policies?
|
a policy designed to improve health, education, and living conditions, that are vital for ensuring political stability and social sustainability
|
|
|
what is a stakeholder?
|
any person who has any interest in the resources that an area provides
|
|
|
What are two programs implemented by the World Bank and what do they do?
|
-China focus: Putting People in Charge of their development- empowering communities and strenghting the capacities of village institutions help improve investments for better services and livelihoods
-Piloting community approaches in Southern Thailand- the religious differences between muslim and the buddhist population coupled with a sense of historical and political grievances, are commonly cited as the causes of unrest, along with the fact that these provinces are among the poorest in Thailand |
|
|
What is the UN Millennium Development Program?
|
Poverty Reduction Program:
The Millennium Development Goals are eight international development goals that nations have agreed have to change to have a better world |
|
|
What are the Millennium Development Goals?
|
1) end poverty and hunger
2) universal education 3)Gender Equity 4)Child Health 5)Maternal Health 6)HIV/ AIDS 7) Environmental sustainability 8) Global partnership |
|
|
What are the economic, social, and environmental issues that water has as a social problem
|
Economic:supply of water for agriculture, industrial, urban and rural
Social: poor have access to clean water for domestic and agriculture Environmental: protection of watersheds, aquifers, and freshwater ecosystems |
|
|
What are the economic, social, and environmental issues that food has as a social problem
|
Economic: increase agriculture productivity for local consumption and exportation
Social: improve profitability of small scale agriculture to ensure food security Environmental:sustainable use of land and other resources |
|
|
What are the economic, social, and environmental issues that health has as a social problem
|
Economic: preventative health care and safety in the workplace
Social: air and water standards to ensure basic health care for the poor Environmental: protection of biological resources, ecosystems and life support systems |
|
|
What are the economic, social, and environmental issues that shelter and services has as a social problem
|
Economic: supply and efficient use of resources for buildings and transportation systems
Social: access to affordable housing, sanitation, and transportation by the poor Environmental: sustainable or optimum use of land, forests, energy, and mineral resources |
|
|
What are the economic, social, and environmental issues that energy has as a social problem
|
Economic: sustained supply and use of energy for industrial development, transportation, and household use
Social: access to affordable energy by the poor Environmental: reduce local impacts of fossil furls and expand use of renewable resources |
|
|
What is moringa seed and what does it do?
|
Moringa seed powder can be used as a simple method for cleaning dirty water. Diminishes water pollution and harmful bacteria
|
|
|
What is the Focus Cities Research Initiative?
|
-supports multi-stakeholder and gender sensitive participatory research, capacity building, and networking that help the poor communities partner with local governments to improve environmental management
-enhance natural resource use -provide money to help create projects that will lead to a sustainable and equitable urban development |
|
|
What are the economic, social, and environmental issues that education has as a social problem
|
economic: trained people for key economic sectors
Social: ability of poor to access education for a healthy and happy life Environmental: integrate environment in public information and education programs |
|
|
How is arsenic introduced into groundwater?
|
through the dissolution of minerals and ores and concentrations in groundwater in some areas are elevated as a result of erosion from local rocks
|
|
|
What are some issues from acute arsenic poisoning?
|
vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea
|
|
|
What are some chronic arsenic poisoning problems
|
long time exposure via drinking water causes cancer of the skin, lungs, bladder and kidney. as well as skin changes
|
|
|
What is China's One Child Policy?
|
-In effect as of 1979
-Does not apply to rural areas of the country -applies largely to males, not women -Has significantly reduced the birth rate and the second child is avoided by abortion -Failure to abort will result in loss of government support - Controlling the population serves the interest of the whole society and that sacrificing individual interests for those of the masses is just -Mao did not allow the importation of contraceptives -parents of a handicapped child are allowed to have an additional child -Parents who are only children themselves are allowed to have two children. |
