Asepsis

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a resistance of the body to infection in which the host receives natural or artificial antibodies produced by another source

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acquired (passive) immunity

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immunoglobulins, part of the body's plasma proteins, defend primarily against the extracellular phases of bacterial and viral infections

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antibodies (immunoglobulins)

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a resistance of the body to infection in which the host produces its own antibodies in response to natural or artificial antigens

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active immunity

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those that generally appear suddenly or last a short time

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acute infection

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methods used to reduce exposure to infectious agents transmitted by airborne droplet nuclei smaller than 5 microns

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airborne precautions

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a resistance of the body to infection in which the host receives natural or artificial antibodies produced by another source

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acquired (passive) immunity

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those that generally appear suddenly or last a short time

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acute infection

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methods used to reduce exposure to infectious agents transmitted by airborne droplet nuclei smaller than 5 microns

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airborne precautions

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infectious agent transmitted by droplets or dust

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airborne transmission

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immunoglobulins, part of the body's plasma proteins, defend primarily against the extracellular phases of bacterial and viral infections

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antibodies

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a substance capable of inducing the formation of antibodies

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antigen

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agents that inhibit the growth of some microorganisms

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antiseptics

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freedom from infection or infectious material

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asepsis

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an antigen that originates in a person's own body

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autoantigen

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bacteria in the blood

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bacteremia

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the most common infection-causing microorganisms

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bacteria

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substances produced by some normal flora (e.g., enterobacteria), that can be lethal to related strains of bacteria

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bacteriocins

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those microorganisms carried in blood and body fluids that are capable of infecting other persons with serious and difficult to treat viral infections, namely hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and HIV

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bloodborne pathogens

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generic infection control precautions for all clients except those with diseases transmitted through the air

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body substance isolation (BSI)

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a person or animal that harbors a specific infectious agent and serves as a potential source of infection, yet does not manifest any clinical signs of disease

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carrier

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also known as cell-mediated defenses, occur through the T-cell system

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cellular immunity (cell-mediated defenses)

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the action by which leukocytes are attracted to injured cells

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chemotaxis

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infection that occurs slowly, over a very long period, and may last months or years

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chronic infection

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scar

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cicatrix

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antibody-mediated defense; resides ultimately in the B lymphocytes and is mediated by the antibodies produced by B cells

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humoral(circulating) immunity

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free of potentially infectious agents

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Clean

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the presence of organisms in body secretions or excretions in which strains of bacteria become resident flora but do not cause illness

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colonization

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a disease that can spread from one person to another

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communicable disease

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any person at increased risk for an infection

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compromised host

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methods used to reduce exposure to infectious agents easily transmitted by direct client contact or by contact with items in the client's environment

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contact precautions

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laboratory cultivations of microorganisms in a special growth medium

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cultures

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the movement of blood corpuscles through a blood vessel wall

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diapedesis

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denotes the likely presence of microorganisms, some of which may be capable of causing infection

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dirty

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agents that destroy pathogens other than spores

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disinfectants

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residue of evaporated droplets that remains in the air for long periods of time

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droplet nuclei

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methods used to reduce exposure to infectious agents transmitted by particle droplets larger than 5 microns

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droplet precautions

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process in which leukocytes move through the blood vessel wall into the affected tissue spaces

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emigration

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developing from within

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endogenous

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developing from without

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exogenous

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material, such as fluid and cells, that has escaped from blood vessels during the inflammatory process and is deposited in tissue or on tissue surfaces

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exudate

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a plasma protein that is converted to fibrin when it is released into the tissues and, together with thromboplastin and platelets, forms an interlacing network making a barrier to wall off an area

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fibrinogen

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connective tissue repair of wounds with tissue that can proliferate under conditions of ischemia and altered pH

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fibrous (scar) tissue

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infection-causing microorganisms that include yeasts and molds

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fungi

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young connective tissue with new capillaries formed in the wound healing process

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granulation tissue

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increased blood flow to an area

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hyperemia

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infections that are the direct result of diagnostic or therapeutic procedures

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iatrogenic infection

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immune functions directed against identifiable bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other infectious agents

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immune (specific) defenses

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a specific resistance of the body to infection; it may be natural, or resistance developed after exposure to a disease agent

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immunity

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the disease process produced by microorganisms

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infection

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local and nonspecific defensive tissue response to injury or destruction of cells

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inflammation

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practices that prevent the spread of infection and communicable disease

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isolation

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WBCs

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leukocytes

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an increase in the number of white blood cells

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leukocytosis

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an infection that is limited to the specific part of the body where the microorganisms remain

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local infection

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large phagocytes

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macrophages

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the aggregating or lining up of substances along a surface or edge (eg, the lining up of white blood cells against the wall of a blood vessel during the inflammatory process)

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margination

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all practices intended to confine a specific microorganism to a specific area, limiting the number, growth, and spread of microorganisms

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medical asepsis

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bodily defenses that protect a person against all microorganisms, regardless of prior exposure

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nonspecific defenses

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infections associated with the delivery of health care services in a health care facility

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nonsocomial infections

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skin, eye, mucous membrane, or parenteral contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials that may result from the performance of an employee's duties

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occupational exposure

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a microorganism causing disease only in a susceptible individual

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opportunistic pathogen

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microorganisms that live in or on another from which it obtains nourishment

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parasites

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the ability to produce disease; a pathogen is a microorganism that causes disease

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pathogenicity

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cells that ingest microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles

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phagocytes

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a source of microorganisms

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reservoir

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microorganisms that normally reside on the skin, mucous membranes, and inside the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts

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resident flora

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the presence of pathogenic organisms or their toxins in the blood or body tissues

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sepsis

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occurs when bacteremia results in systemic infection

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septicemia

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specified area that is considered free from microorganisms

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sterile field

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practices that keep an area or object free of all microorganisms;

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sterile technique (surgical asepsis)

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techniques to be used with all clients to decrease the risk of transmitting unidentified pathogens; currently, Standard Precautions incorporate UP and BSI

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universal precautions

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a process that destroys all microorganisms, including spores and viruses

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sterilization

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when pathogens spread and damage different parts of the body

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systemic infection

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an animal or flying or crawling insect that serves as an intermediate means of transporting the infectious agent

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vector-borne transmission

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any substance that serves as an intermediate means to transport and introduce an infectious agent into a susceptible host through a suitable portal of entry

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vehicle-borne transmission

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ability to produce disease

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virulence

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nucleic acid-based infectious agents

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viruses