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183 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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birth rate |
number of lie births per 1000 per year |
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death rate |
number of deaths per 1000 per year |
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fertility rate |
number of children an average woman will have between 15 and 45 |
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replacement rate |
fertility rate needed to maintain a stable population, generally 2.1- 2.2 (depending on development) |
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infant mortality rate |
number of infants who die before a certain age per 1000 live births |
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life-expectancy |
average age people are expected to live to in a country |
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population pyramid |
the data for how many males and females there are in percentage for each age group presented visually |
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demographic transition model |
a model showing the stages or levels of development a country should pass through |
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pro-natalist |
a policy to increase the number of births |
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anti-natalist |
a policy to decrease the number of births |
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factors affecting birth rate (name 5 things) |
contraception status/education of women religion and culture policies social services infant mortality age structure child labour compulsory education |
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factors affecting death rate (name 5 things) |
housing quality hygiene and sanitation healthcare diet war wealth age structure environment food natural disasters |
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what does a narrow top suggest? |
short life expectancy |
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dip in sides |
natural disasters |
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wide base |
high birth rate |
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concave sides |
high death rate among children and young adults |
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really wide base |
average age is young |
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convex profile |
later death rate |
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narrowing base |
falling birth rate |
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wide top |
high life expectancy
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vertical sides |
low death rates until old age |
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name the 5 stages in the DTM |
high stationary early expanding late expanding low stationary declining population |
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which stage of the DTM are most MEDCs in? |
stage 4 |
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describe high stationary and which stage is it? |
birth and death rates fluctuate but remain stable constant low population
1
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why are birth rates high in high stationary? |
birth rates are high due to: no contraception high infant mortality more children to work
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describe early expanding and which stage is it? |
birth rates remain high but death rates fall total population rises at rapid pace
2 |
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why do deaths fall in early expanding? |
improved health care, sanitation and diet vaccinations available |
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describe late expanding and which stage is it? |
rapid fall in birth and death rate population increases but at a slower rate increased use of contraception and family planning wages and benefits increase so couples and singles can support themselves more educated women falling infant mortality healthcare continues to improve
3 |
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describe low stationary and which stage is it? |
birth and death rate fluctuate but at a much lower level total pop. is constant but has grown more materialistic lifestyles less desire to have large families well- educated pop. has hopes for kids and so they are better educated
4 |
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strengths of the DTM? 3 things |
3 sets of data how they change over time real data from actual contries |
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weakness of the DTM? 4 things |
doesn't take migration into account it is Eurocentric unclear fifth stage cannot take government policies onto account |
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urbanisation |
an increase in the number of people living in urban areas
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net migration |
the number of people who have come to a country - immigration minus migration |
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economic migrant |
someone who moves for work or money to improve standard of living
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migration |
the movement of people from one place to another which is semi/permanent |
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demographic ageing |
rising mean age |
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grey vote |
people over 55 who vote in the election |
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2 ads and disads for ageing population |
+ older people are still working over 65s contribute over £40 billion per annum in terms of care they provide, spending, donations and volunteering
- retirement age will have to increase it costs the state money for state pensions and for NHS |
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urbanisation
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an increase in the number of people living in urban areas compared to rural areas |
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counter-urbanisation
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people move from urban to rural areas |
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Hukou system
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a family registration system in China that acts a domestic passport regulating population distribution and rural to urban migration |
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floating population
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two-tier society |
a society in which there are two classes of privilege, money, power etc. |
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rural depopulation
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where rural areas have declining populations |
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greenfield site |
an area of agriculture or forest land or some other undevelopment |
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brownfield site |
land previously used for individual or commercial purposes |
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urban sprawl |
the uncontrolled/unplanned spreading of urban areas |
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suburbanisation |
the spreading out of housing in the suburbs away from cities
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selective migration |
when a certain group of people migrate |
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remittances
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money migrants make that is sent home to family or friends, a big part of the economy in poorer countries |
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source country |
nation from which a migrant leaves |
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host country |
nation to which the migrant goes |
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refugee |
somebody who is persecuted and has escaped their situation |
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political asylum
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the government is obliged to take care of anyone seeking asylum |
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migration cap
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putting a limit on the amount of people who can enter a country |
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A8 or A10 countries |
Accession 8 countries - former communist bloc countries in central and Eastern European countries |
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welfare benefits
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money given to help people taken out of government money |
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net economic contribution
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the amount of money migrants contribute to a country in a year |
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one negative and one positive social effect of Polish migration to UK |
+ Polish shops rejuvenate high street |
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one positive and one negative economic effect of Polish migration to UK
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- Polish businesses taking money UK shops might + Poles have taken jobs British people were unwilling to do |
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economic costs on source country of migration
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loss of people with entrepreneurial skills loss of labour means dependence on government initiatives |
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economic benefits on source country of migration |
reduces under employment returning migrants have new skills migrants send remittances home less pressure on resources |
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social costs on source country of migration
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disproportionate number of females left behind imbalanced population pyramid |
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social benefits on source country of migration |
birth rate reduced remittances can fund education and hospitals returning retired migrants increase need for leisure activities/centres |
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political effects on source country of migration
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policies to encourage immigration to counter emigration requests for international aid |
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economic costs on host country of migration |
over dependence on migrant workers in some sectors money goes back to source country pressure on resources |
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economic benefits on host country of migration |
gain skills at low cost skills gap filled cost of retirement transferred back to source country |
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social costs on host country of migration
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cultural identity lost segregation |
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social benefits on host country of migration |
growth in ethnic retailing |
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political effects on host country of migration |
calls for control on migration entrenchment of attitudes which may encourage fundamentalism |
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migration |
the movement of people from one place to another which is either permanent or semi-permanent
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net migration |
immigration - emigration |
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emigration |
moving out of a country |
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in-migration and out-migration |
migration within a country |
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3 classes of migration
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distance - internal vs. external duration - permanent vs. short term vs. cyclical |
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2 push factors for migration |
poverty war |
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2 pull factors for migration |
fertile land friends and family |
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demographic ageing |
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elderly dependants
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people above 65 who rely on others and the government |
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economically active population |
the age group which are able to work |
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youthful population |
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dependency ratio |
how many dependent people there are compared to how many people there are able to look after them |
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centenarians |
people who live over 100 years old |
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state pensions
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money given to elderly paid by the people from taxes |
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occupational pensions |
benefits given to workers by employers |
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grey vote |
people aged over 55 who vote in election |
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grey pound |
the money older people spend |
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sheltered accommodation |
accommodation for the elderly/disabled with care i.e. alarm system, handrails etc. |
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health care |
care to do with medical care and medicines, often free
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social care |
to do with support or personal care, often not free |
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advantages of ageing population |
older people are still working |
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disadvantages of ageing population |
retirement age will have to increase spending on elderly expected to rise to 30% of GDP by 2050 4-2-1 syndrome in extreme cases |
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how is the dependency ratio calculated?
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------------------------------- X 100 people aged 15-65 |
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4 big unknowns when it comes to how many people the earth can support
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2. availability/depletion of resources 3. future consumption of resources per capita 4. equality of distribution of resources |
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pessimist view on how many people can the earth support |
- high levels of consumption - limit population growth - environmental problems set to become harder |
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optimist view on how many people the earth can support |
+ fertility is going down so decreasing population + technology will make resources more available + technology will allow exploration for resources in currently unreachable places |
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sustainable development
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development that is conducted without the depletion of natural resources or is economically or socially sustainable |
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optimum population |
the population is such that it can maximise the benefits (per capita income) from the resources available |
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physical resources |
natural resources such as water |
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human resources |
resources such as jobs |
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anti-natalist measures |
policies that work to lower the population by discouraging births |
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pro-natalist measures
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policies that encourage births to increase population |
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ageing population |
a relatively higher population of elderly people compared to younger that continues to grow |
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gender imbalance |
when there are more of one gender compared to the other |
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infrastructure |
buildings, sewage works, water, roads or power supplies needed for society |
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consequences of counter urbanisation on rural and rural urban fringe areas
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local young people can't afford housing in own villages newcomers might not appreciate traditional customs of village life lose vitality and community spirit lose rural character of surroundings farmers can make large sums |
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consequences of counter urbanisation on inner city areas
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cities lose local taxation revenue (council tax) |
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how often is the census carried out?
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4 geographical layers that can be surveyed from census |
local authority ward super output |
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why can't the census go any smaller than a super output area?
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privacy of the people |
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declining consequences on rural settlements
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houses bought in rural areas mean community spirit is lost people left behind are not wealthy or young it starts a cycle that is hard to break services like schools are put under pressure as there is no demand |
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growth consequences on rural settlements
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congestion increases conflicts can arise if values and traditions are not respected rural identity of village hard to maintain children put pressure on school places |
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why do some settlements gain population whilst others lose it? |
- lack of services like buses could encourage people to move out - if it is a nice area then older people are more likely to retire there - building of new houses could encourage people to move into an area - employment could affect population as if there is a lack of it then people won't live there |
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name the 4 areas in Burgess' Urban Model
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rural-urban fringe suburbs inner city CBD |
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characteristics of CBD
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- largest offices and shops - high land values, rents and rates - very few people live here |
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characteristics of inner city
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- areas of derelict land around railways and unused docks - migrants - young families - students - pockets of smart new development |
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characteristics of suburbs
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- semi-detached housing along the roads - modern housing behind roads - many people live here - families - more wealthy - less change in this area |
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characteristics of rural-urban fringe |
- factories and mills - low-cost housing - business parks - shopping centres - more space |
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CS how many houses are planning to be built in Cockermouth? |
350-400 |
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CS where are the houses being built in Cockermouth? |
on land between Strawberry How and Gable Avenue Estate |
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CS arguments in favour for the houses in Cockermouth |
- new bus service - pedestrian and cycle route improvements - create many jobs - affordable housing |
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arguments against the housing in Cockermouth |
- pressure on schools, doctors etc. - congestion - strain on sewage system - worries about flooding of new site and what that would mean - greater stretch on already strained parking - built on greenfield sites |
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who makes the final decision about the Cockermouth houses? |
Allerdale Borough Council |
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Stanwix Urban and Denton Holme housing |
terraced: SU: 17.3% DH: 59.1% |
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CS
Stanwix Urban and Denton Holme wealth |
SU: 55 total claimants DH: 275 total claimants |
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CS
Stanwix Urban and Denton Holme employment |
SU: 14% DH: 5% |
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CS Stanwix Urban and Denton Holme age structure |
DH: 22.4% |
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CS Stanwix Urban and Denton Holme crime |
DH: 22.4% |
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CS Stanwix Urban and Denton Holme ethnicity |
SU: 1.0% DH: 0.4% |
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CS what population policy has been adopted in France? |
pro-natalist, more children are encouraged to be born |
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CS how have they encouraged the pro-natalist policy in France? |
- maternity rights for women - financial support for larger families ('la carte familie nombreuse') |
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CS affects of pro-natalist policy in France? |
- higher birth rate still not enough to reverse ageing population |
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why is a growing population such an issue in The Gambia? |
95% of the population are Islam and so women have very little say on how many children they have |
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CS what is the birth rate in The Gambia? |
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infant mortality rate for The Gambia |
73 per 1000 live births
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CS maternal mortality rate for The Gambia |
11 mothers for every 1000 births |
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projected doubling time for The Gambia's population? |
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CS what percentage of The Gambia are under 25 years of age? |
45% |
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4 effects of high population growth in The Gambia |
- high dependency ratio (92.3%) - government doesn't have enough money for infrastructure - high unemployment and under employment - schools become over crowded and teachers and resources strained |
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how much has the population growth rate for The Gambia changed over the last 20 years? |
3% in 2005 |
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CS how has birth control been improved in The Gambia? |
- awareness of contraception (radio and adverts) - price of contraception lowered so everyone can afford it (subsidised by the W.H.O. and distributed by 'Futures' and N.G.O.) - every child has the right to free vaccinations and injections |
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CS how does child health help control population growth in The Gambia? |
children are given free vaccines so more children live so not as many need to be born to continue the family controlling and lowering the population growth rate |
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CS what are the environmental effects of rapid population growth in The Gambia? |
bush fires overgrazing |
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how are environmental problems being dealt with in The Gambia? |
- education and community forests - village educators - forest management |
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when was the one-child policy introduced in China? |
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CS what is the long term aim of the one-child policy in China? |
to get the population to 800 million by 2100
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CS how has the fertility rate in China changed from 1970 to 2000? |
2000: 1.7 |
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how many births have been estimated to have been stopped as a result of the one child policy in China? |
400 million |
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CS what have been some affects of the one-child policy in China? |
- lead to trafficking and prostitution - 30% of population will be over 65 by 2026 - 4-2-1 syndrome |
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CS what is the male to female ratio that has been create as a result of the one child policy |
144 males to 100 females in some parts |
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CS name a place where the one child policy is being relaxed |
Shanghai |
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negative impacts on urban areas in china due to urbanisation |
- social tensions - two- tier society |
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CS positive impacts on urban areas in china due to urbanisation |
- more people means more business - economy grows - migrants provide low wage labour - manufacturing increases |
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CS negative impacts on rural areas in china due to urbanisation |
- strains on marriages - children left behind looked after by g'parents - children left alone quicker if g'parents die - children don't know parents (future effects?) - rural depopulation - less food available (shortage of farmers) - not as much consumption so services aren't provided |
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CS positive impacts on rural areas in china due to urbanisation |
- money sent back home can be used to build better houses |
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CS out of the 1.1 million Eastern European migrants between 2004 and 2010 how many were thought to be Polish? |
65% |
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CS what year did Poland join the EU? |
2004 |
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reasons for Polish migration to UK |
- one of three countries to not have a border - UK going through economic boom so encouraged people to come to us - wages in UK around 5 times higher than in Poland |
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features of the Polish migrants to the UK |
- only 3% brought dependents with them - most are single |
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birth rate factors social services |
in richer countries, there is a system that cares for the old so children aren't needed to look after them |
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birth rate factors religion and culture |
Catholics are against contraception in east Africa having lots of kids is a sign of status |
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birth rate factors compulsory education |
when children are forced to go to school they become an economic burden and so the birth rate decrease |
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birth rate factors child labour |
valued as a source of income so more of them means more money |
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status and education of women |
where literacy rates are higher women seek a profession perhaps over children |
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death rate factors natural disasters |
money spent on rebuilding than healthcare homes get destroyed die in the event |
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death rate factors environment |
water pollution |
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war |
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what is the global trend regarding population structure?
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the world is experiencing a ageing population and within the next decade there will be more people aged over 65 than under 15 |
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reasons for an ageing population include:
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- universal use of antibiotics - education of women - women wanting/needing to be part of the workforce - increasing expense of bringing up children |
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as a population develops economically, what else changes?
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Health Transition runs parallel to Demographic Transition and economic development |
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what's the most rapidly expanding population segment and why is this a challenge?
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most susceptible to illness financial implications for governments |
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what percentage of people over 85 have Alzheimer's and by how much is this expected to increase by 2050?
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351% |
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typical responses from Europe and N American to ageing population
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- raise the age of retirement - allow large flows of young migrants in - change health system to focus on disease prevention in earlier years - encourage and allow old people to be emplyed |
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CS China and ageing population problem in rural areas |
not the adequate care systems in place to help look after them |
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CS China and ageing population problem in cities |
4-2-1 syndrome means there is one child looking after 2 parents and 4 grandparents creating a huge financial burden |
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CS China and ageing population problem with workforce |
72% of population are of working age now but huge number of baby boomers are about to retire and there isn't the workers to replace them |
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CS China and ageing population numbers |
in 2030 China will have the highest number of elderly in the world and by 2050 a quarter of its population will be over 65
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CS China and ageing population one child policy |
realising the impacts of an ageing population the government is relaxing the policy so there will be enough children to look after parents and to work to provide tax income |
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CS China and ageing population solutions |
Shanghai is a UN Age Friendly City |
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CS Hogewey Netherlands what is it? |
the gated village opened in 2009 is designed to support people with dementia |
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CS Hogewey Netherlands facilities |
hairdressers supermarkets theatre 23 houses shared by 6 people in each interior of houses reflects patients former lives no locks so villagers wander freely carers don't wear uniforms |
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CS Hogewey Netherlands effects |
costs no more than an average care home |
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age friendly city
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