Geography

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Employment Affect Economic development

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Population

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Q What is rate of natural increase?Ans: Birth rate minus death rate is equal to the rate of natural increase.

Q What are the causes of high birth rate?

Ans: (1) Warm and hot climate of Pakistan cause early maturity results in large family.

(2) Early marriages increase productivity span.

(3) Desire to have male child result in large family.

(4) Poly gammy also results in large family.

(5) Religious beliefs against use of family planning or contraceptives are also a hurdle.

(6) Unawareness about problems of over population and large family.

(7) Agriculture society needs more working hands encourages large families.

(8) Lack of knowledge and availability contraceptives and family planning facilities.

(9) Large family provides support in old age.

(10) In Pakistan majority of people are illiterate. They are not aware of economic distress caused by high birth rate.

Q Explain some measures that could be taken to reduce the birth rate. Ans: (1) Easy access to use of family planning and contraceptives e.g. green star.

(2) Child labor should be banned.

(3) Women education increase marriage age and reduce productivity age.

(4) More family planning clinics should be established.

(5) Support of religious scholars should be taken in favor of family planning.

(6) Awareness about benefits of small family should be increased through media.

(7) NGO's like "Chabi ka Nishan" should be encouraged.

(8) Improvement in living standards and literacy rate can reduce desire for large family.

Q Why death rate has reduced from 1950 to 1970?

Ans: (1) Increased medical facilities live saving drugs, vaccination programmes and increase in the number of hospitals has decreased death rate.

(2) Better transportation system to move doctors and food where needed.

(3) Increase in food production.

(4) Improvement in water supply and sanitation has reduced diseases.

(5) More control over disasters like floods and wars.

Q What is life expectancy?

Ans: The average age up to which people of particular area are expected to live.

Population pyramid: Shows structure of population male and female in different age groups.

(1) Youngest age group is at the bottom.

(2) Wider base shows a high birth rate.

(3) Narrow top shows high death rate.

(4) If age group is 5-9 wider than 0-4 shows decrease in birth rate.

(5) Top most age is life expectancy. (6) Dependent group is from age below 15 years and above 65 years. (7) Productive population is from 15 years to 65 years.

Future possibilities for Pyramid of Pakistan:

Decreased birth rate, more productive population, high life expectancy so more old people. Employment.

Q What are causes of unemployment? (5)

Ans: (1) High birth rate is more than population growth.

(2) Due to mechanization less farm labor is needed.

(3) Water logging and salinity has reduced farm land.

(4) Miss match in education and requirements.

(5) Rural migration.

(6) Use of information technology in offices.

(7) Lack of skills or education.

(8) New residents do not have contacts.

Q What primary occupation means. (2)

Ans: Activities connected with land and nature. Farming, fishing, forestry and mining etc.

Q Why so many people works in agriculture sector?

Ans: (1) Agriculture is traditional occupation of Pakistan.

(2) Vast fertile land is available in Indus plain.

(3) Indus river system and network of canals provide water.

(4) Suitable summer temperature for Kharif crops and suitable winter temperature for Rabbi crops.

(5) Most of Industry is depend on agriculture for raw material.

(6) Growing food needs of increasing population.

(7) Mining, fishing, forestry are not developed in Pakistan.

Q Why percentage of employment in tertiary sector increasing? (5)

Ans: (1) Progress in industry has also encouraged development of tertiary sector.

(2) Improvement in roads has also developed transport sector.

(3) Services sector like health, education and banking has developed to fulfill needs of growing population created many tertiary jobs.

(4) Growth in trade and commerce sectors is reason.

(5) Skilled and educated experts are available due to improvement in education sector.

Q Why do people move to cities has difficulty in finding jobs? (3) J2010.

Ans: (1) there is lack of jobs due to recession.

(2) the most of people move to cities are illiterate, untrained and unskilled.

(3) There may be mismatch in education and demand.

(4) Lack of relations in cities.

Q Suggest why real number of unemployed people in rural areas may be higher than figures recorded?

Ans: (1) A large number of people living in rural areas have seasonal employment.

(2) More people are employed in farms than needed.

(3) There is difficult to collect figures due to poor infrastructure.

(4) Figures about females are not available.

(5) Many people are employed in informal sector

.Q Why there are more jobs for illiterate in urban areas?

Ans: (1) A large number of workers are needed in factories.

(2) Illiterate labor is cheaper.

(3) Lot of informal employment is available.

(4) Cleaner, servants etc are needed in large number.

Q Why are very few primary jobs available in urban areas? (2)

Ans: Primary activities like crops cultivation, fishing, live stock, fruit farming needs large open tract of land which is not available in urban areas.

Q What is the main type of employment in the primary sector in rural areas? (1)

Ans: agriculture.

Q Why has the percentage of the workforce working in agriculture declined in recent year? (6)

Ans: (1) Less farm workers are needed due to mechanization.

(2) The growth of industry, trade and commercial activities has attracted large number of people to urban areas with high wages.

(3) No more farm land is available. (4) Large land is spoiled by water logging and salinity.

(5) There is little opportunity in agriculture for educated people. (Migration).

Q What are push factors that have led to large number of people leaving rural areas of Pakistan?

Ans: (1) Unemployment due to lack of industry, little opportunity for educated people causes migration towards urban areas.

(2) Due to mechanized farming less workers are needed in farms. (3) Lack of medical and education facilities in rural areas.

(4) Large farm land has spoiled due to water logging and salinity.

(5) Lack of facilities like gas, electricity, telephone and recreation. (6) Sufficient farm land is not available for increasing population. (7) Lack of security and cultural freedom.

(8) Floods, pest attack, drought and poor farming methods resulted in low farm production not enough to support families.

Q Describe urban pull factors that cause rural-Urban migration. (6) J2006

Ans: (1) Urban area has more jobs opportunities with better wages due to growing industry and commercial activities.

(2) Better quality of life etc electricity, gas, water supply available in urban areas.

(3) Better recreational facilities like park, cinema, libraries etc.

(4) Better educational and medical facilities

.(5) More security and cultural freedom.

(6) Reliable food supply.

Q What improvement may be made in rural areas to reduce rural-urban migration? (6)

Ans: (1) Roads should be constructed to rural areas for easier access of consumer goods.

(2) Small scale industry and cottage industry should be established to provide employment.

(3) Facilities like gas, electricity, education and medical should be provided in rural areas.

(4) Sanitation and water supply should be developed.

(5) Law and order situation should be improved.

Q What problems are caused in rural areas by migration to urban areas? N2007

Ans: (1) Rural areas remained backward due to migration of education people to urban areas.

(2) Shortage of skilled labor is created in rural areas.

(3) Population structure is disturbed due to migration of male members

.Q What are effects of migration from rural areas on urban areas?

Ans: (1) Unemployment in urban areas increases due to cheap labor from rural areas.

(2) Shortage of houses is created in urban areas give rise to growth of squatters.

(3) Air and water pollution increases. (4) Burden on school, hospitals and power sources increase.

(5) Traffic congestion and crime rate increases.

Q Why do some people emigrate to other countries?

Ans: (1) There is lack of opportunities for professional in Pakistan.

(2) Lack of security and freedom in Pakistan.

(3) Some people move for higher education and better quality of life. (4) Attractive pay in developed countries.

(5) Opportunities in Canada and Middle East.

(6) Wide spread corruption in Pakistan.

Q What problems for Pakistan have resulted due to Afghan refugees? (5) J2002

Ans: (1) Use of drugs increased.

(2) Fire arms become common.

(3) Smuggling of foreign goods harmed local industry and reduced tax collection.

(4) Unemployment due to low cost or cheap Afghan labor.

Q Name one city in Pakistan affected by Afghan refugees. (1)

Ans: Peshawar.

Q Describe some difficulties for people when they leaves home or wish to return. (6) N99

Ans: When people leave they find difficulty in obtaining valid visa.

(2) They face difficulty in finding new job and social adjustment.

(3) Some time they are cheated by unscrupulous agents who provided them forged documents.

(4) When they return face corruption and red tape.

(5) Harassed by tax department.

(6) Difficulty in finding job. (Density of population)

Q State the meaning of the term density of population.

Ans: The number of people living in per unit area.

Q Give the reasons of low population density in Balochistan. (4)

Ans: (1) Large part of Balochistan is covered by hills and mountains are unsuitable for agriculture.

(2) Soil is infertile and irrigation facilities etc.

(3) mineral deposits are unexplored and industry is not developed.

(4) Infrastructure like road, railway and electricity is undeveloped due to rugged (rocky) landscape and scattered population.

(5) Lack of employment and facilities discourage people to live in Balochistan.

Q Why Indus delta has low population density? (3)

Ans: (1) Indus delta has low saline soil unsuitable for agriculture.

(2) Indus delta is often hit by cyclone and flooded by sea.

(3) Large part is covered by mangrove forests and swamps.

(4) Infrastructure is undeveloped (5) Fishing industry is declining due to water pollution and deforestation of mangrove forest.

(6) There is lack of rainfall.

Q Describe the pattern of population density in Sindh. (5)

Ans: Karachi has highest population density because of seaport, commercial activities, industrial development, international airport and capital city. Land close to river Indus is irrigated by perennial canals is thickly populated. Sukkur, Nawabshah and Hyderabad are located in this region. Eastern part is thinly populated due to Thar and Nara deserts. Kirthar mountain are on west and Indus is south is thinly populated.

Q Explain why there is high population in doabs. (5)

Ans: Doab have alluvial soil and network of perennial canals, climate is suitable for Rabi and Kharif crops. Good network of roads and railway is available. Have high agricultural production. Industry and commerce is developed.

Q Why Makran coastal region in thinly populated? (3)

Ans: Makran coast region has low population density because region is agriculturally unproductive. Land is rugged and infertile. Rainfall is low about 125 mm a year. Only fishing activity cannot support large population.

Q Why population varies in K.P.K?Ans: Large part of K.P.K is covered with mountain ranges like Hindukush, Safad Koh, Swat hills and Waziristan hills and thinly populated due to steep slopes, rugged land scape, poor communication and permanent layer of snow. Gilgit agency, Chitral and tribal areas are also thinly populated. Population is concentrated in small valleys. Some small fertile plains are located in K.P.K like Peshawar, Mardan, Kohat and Dera Ismail plains have developed agriculture due to fertile soil and canal network have thick population. There is concentration of industry in Nowshera, Risalpur, Mardan and Haripur and densely populated. Some areas have moderate population in Swat, Abottabad, and Balakot due to tourism. Pastoral activities support people on mountainous areas.

Q Explain the reasons of high population density in Karachi.

Ans: High birth rate, migration from rural areas, opportunities for employment and trade. Better services e.g. education, health, sanitation. Better infrastructure e.g. road, railway, gas, water and airport. Good housing and moderate climate. Karachi is Provincial capital, refugee from Afghanistan and migration after partition in 1947. Fishing activities, industry and seaport attract many.

Q Reasons for high population density.

Ans: (1) Developed agriculture.

(2) Industrial development.

(3) Job opportunities.

(4) Educational factor.

(5) good irrigation system.

(6) Security and freedom.

(7) Better communication net work and infrastructure.(

8) Availability of minerals.

Q What is meant by distribution of population?

Ans: The spread of people in an area.

Q Explain what is meant by overpopulation.

(2)Ans: Over population means that the natural resources of a country and technical ability of people cannot support the population comfortably.

Q How can you tell a rural area is overpopulated?

Ans: A rural area is overpopulated if there are small farmers who practice subsistence farming. Farms are so small that they barely produce enough for family. Houses are small and made of mud. Diet is poor.

Q RELIEF, RAINFALL, RIVERS.Explain how each of the three factors above contributes to a high density of population.

RELIEF: Flat and undulating land is good for cultivation, use of machinery, establishment of roads and railway is easy. Contribute to high population.

RAINFALL: Plenty of rain is suitable for agriculture in barani areas also provide water for domestic uses and industry.

RIVERS: Indus and its tributaries provide water and bring silt to increase fertility of land encourage fish production and provide water for irrigation.

(Literacy)

Q Why female illiteracy is more than male? (2)

Ans: Female education is not given importance in rural areas; girls leave home after marriage so parents consider female dropout from schools is high. There is shortage of girl schools and teachers in rural areas.

Q Why percentage of literate people is larger in urban areas than in rural areas?

Ans: There are more jobs for literate people with higher pays in urban areas. More facilities for female education are available in urban areas. Transportation to schools is easy; people of urban areas can afford education. Traditional farm workers are not needed in urban areas.

Q How may improvement in literacy and education helps to lower the rate of population growth?

Ans: (1) Education creates awareness about benefits of small family. Fewer children can be nourished and educated properly.

(2) Educated people have proper knowledge of contraceptives and family planning methods.

(3) Educated men and women marry late which reduce their productive span result in small families.

(4) Illiterate families are usually poor needs more working hands to increase their earning. They feel pride in large families.

Q Explain why a sales man should have a good education.

Ans: Through education salesman can became good communicator and polite in manners.

He can speak English and can do calculations.

He can use computer and can write letters to clients.

He can attain better knowledge of what he is selling.

He is open to new ideas.

Q QUARYING, CRUSHING, PACKING, DRIVER, SALES MAN, OFFICE WORKERS.From the above state one example of

A: Primary employment- Quarrying and crushing.

B: Secondary employment- Packing and crushing.

C: Tertiary employment- Driver, salesman and office workers.

Q what is meant by self- help schemes?

Ans: Self-help schemes are launched by government under which members of local community are encouraged to improve their living standard, create self-employment or make their own shelter. The members of community contribute their labor or material while government provides land and infrastructure.

Q What are advantages and problems of self-help schemes?

Ans:

advantages:

Self-help schemes can provide shelter to low income people, clean water supply and sewerage projects under self-help schemes can reduce diseases, parks and play grounds can be built up on empty lands which will leads in healthy growth of children and elders, NGO's can setup school which will increase literacy rate, people can start small business with small loans provided by government on easy installments.

Disadvantages:

It is difficult for low income people to contribute funds in self-help schemes, construction material is very costly so completion of such projects is very difficult, corruption and mismanagement is very common in such projects, change in government can affect negatively. Q What is sustainable population growth?Ans: A size of population that can be supported by resources of a country.

Definitions

URBAN: means city areas and

RURAL means villages.

SLUMS: are congested old houses with fewer facilities.

SQUATTERS: area are those where huts are build on somebody else place.

POLY GAMY means to have more than one wife.

LIFE EXPECTANCY: means average age limits of a person.

CENSUS: is an official counting of population.

DEPENDENCY RATIO: refer to the number of people aged under 15 and above 65 who are not considered to be part of workforce.

BIRTH RATE: The number of live births per thousand per year.

DEATH RATE: The number of death per thousand per year..

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POWER RESOURCES

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Power resources (Unit 8)By Sir Bilal Sarwar from DMC fsd (03228659670) Topic: Coal.Q Name the places from where coal is mined in Pakistan. N 95Ans: Larkana, Jimpir, and Sonda in lower Sindh. Sor, Degari, Khost, Mach and Harnai are in Balochistan. Makarwal, Dandot and Pidh from salt range Punjab.Q What are uses of coal? J 2002Ans: Coal is used for heating and cooking. Coal is used as fuel in thermal power, brick Kiln, ceramics, cement factories. Coal is used in coke making and briquetting making and steel making. Q Describe the factors which influence the coal mining.Ans: Coal found in Pakistan is of poor quality. It is lignite coal which is low grade coal. Deposit of coal are small, seam of coal are thin, so machinery cannot be used and only hand digging method is uses.Q Describe the methods of coal mining.Ans: Adit mining is used when seam (layer) of coal is close to slopes of hill. Shaft mining is used when seam of coal is deep under surface. Open-cast method is used when seam of coal is close to surface.Q Explain why the extraction of coal is limited in Pakistan.Ans: Coal found in Pakistan is mostly lignite. It is of poor quality, highly volatile anddeteriorates badly during storage. Lignite has high sulphur contents, produce less heat and lot of ash on burning. Seam (layer) of coal is thin where machinery cannot be used. Many reserves (deposit) are in far away areas.Q Name the organization responsible for coal mining in Pakistan.Ans: The Pakistan mineral development corporation runs mines in Balochistan and lower Sindh. The Punjab mineral development corporation is busy in mining in Punjab.Q How coal is transported?Ans: (1) Coal is taken out of mine by donkeys. (2) or sacks of coal are taken by workers on back. (3) Trolley is used in mechanized mines. Coal is loaded on trucks or railway after taking out of mine.Q What is coal gas or gasification?Ans: Through gasification of coal is changed into coal gas. The coal is heated in the presence of steam and oxygen to produce coal gas which is mixture of methane, hydrogen and carbon-monoxide. Transport of coal gas is easy.Q State the meaning of the term fossil fuel?Ans: Fossil fuel is the material which is formed by decomposition (decay) of vegetable matter and animal matter buried deep in earth. For example Coal, oil and gas.Q What is coke and its uses?Ans: Coke is a hard substance consisting of nearby pure carbon, formed by heating coking coal in the absence of air. Uses of coke: Coke is used in making fertilizer, pesticides, pharmaceuticals and solvents.Q How coke is used in steel making industry?Ans: Coke is mixed with lime stone and iron ore then heated to extract the Iron. Topic: Mineral oil.Q Name the places where oilfields are located in Pakistan. (J 2004)Ans: Khaur, Dhulian, Balksar, Tut, Mayal, Adhi and Dhurnal in Potwar plateau. Khaskhali, Leghari and Tando Alam in lower Sindh.Q What is crude oil? N 2009Ans: Crude oil is unrefined (impure) and raw oil comes out of ground by drilling.Q What is meant by porous rock? Ans: Porous rock allow liquid to pass through.Q What is oil trap?Ans: It is dome shaped structure of rock found deep in ground also known as anticline. In oil trap a layer of porous rock is between two layers of non porous rocks. The oil is trapped in the anticline with gas above and water below oil.Q How is oil extracted from oil trap?Ans: In first step survey is done to locate dome shaped layer of rock called oil trap then a derrick is erected (placed). It is a steel structure to hold drilling machinery. Drilling is made to depth of 10 to 20 thousand feet. In case of oil, it comes out with force. The oil well is set up to control the flow of oil then crude oil is send (moved) to oil refinery.Q What are used of Oil? N 2006Ans: Oil is used as fuel for motor vehicles, ship, aircraft, railway and thermal power. Oil is used as lubricant for machines. Oil is used in oil stoves, furnace and for heating. By-products of oil are used in pesticides, bitumen for roads, paraffin and wax for making candles.Q Why Pakistan import oil?Ans: Oil production in Pakistan is not enough; oil deposits are running out. Pakistan has lack of investment, machinery and skilled labor to develop oil fields.Q Name the countries from which Pakistan import oil.Ans: U.A.E and Saud-i-Arabia.Q How oil is important for farming and agriculture and industry?Ans: In farming oil is used for tractor, farm machinery and tube well. Pesticides are also made (made) from oil. In industry by-products of mineral oil are used in making rubber, plastics, detergents, pharmaceutical, wax for candle and furnace oil for heating.Q What problems are caused for Pakistan because so much is spent on import of petroleum?Ans: Large foreign exchange is spent on oil import. Oil prices in international markets are increasing. Lack of funds for education, health and infrastructure development is caused. Oil import cause negative balance of trade. Loans are needed from World Bank.Q State the two ways in which refined oil can be transported and give advantages and disadvantages.Ans: Refined oil is transported by oil pipe lines, oil tankers and rail tankers.Pipe lines (advantages) Pipe lines are safer, cheaper in long run, provide large continuous supply, traffic problem is not created, and it is environmental friendly.Pipe lines (disadvantages): There is danger of leakage and terrorism in pipelines. It is costly project.Road/Railway: (disadvantages) Transportation by oil tanker is costly, time consuming, roads are damaged due to heavy oil tankers and oil tankers also cause traffic problems. Road/Railway: (Advantage) Oil tankers can transport oil to far-away areas.Q State the location of oil refineries and reason of their location?Ans: Attock oil refinery at Morga purifies (refine) oil from oil fields in Potwar. Pakistan oil refinery and National oil refinery in Karachi purify imported oil and oil from lower Sindh fields. Mid country oil refinery at Mahmood Kot purify oil from Parco oil pipe line.Q What is oil pier?Ans: Oil tanker ships are berthed (tie up) at oil pier. Oil pier are platform with an oil handling system which pumps oil from oil tanker to storage tanks of oil companies.Q Name an organization responsible for oil and gas exploration and extraction in Pakistan.Ans: Oil and Gas Development Corporation (OGDC) Topic: Natural gas.Q Why natural gas is non-renewable?Ans: Gas once used up cannot be regenerated (re-new) or recycled.Q What are uses of natural gas?Ans: Natural gas is used for cooking, heating, thermal power generation (making). Natural gas is raw material for fertilizer, fuel in cement and glass factories, fuel for transport, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is easy to move in cylinders.Q Name the gas fields in Pakistan.Ans: Sui, Uch, Zin, Pirkoh in Balochistan. Marri, Khaskheli, Lagari, Khairpur in Sindh. Gas fields are located at Dhodhak, Adhi and Meyal in northern Punjab.Q Describe the distribution of gas Pipelines.Ans: Two gas pipelines are setup from Sui to Karachi on both sides of river Indus. One pipe line is from Sui to Quetta, One is from Faisalabad to Lahore, Sialkot and other to Rawalpindi and Peshawar.Q How natural gas is transported to areas not served by pipeline? What are its problems?Ans: Advantages: By gas cylinder gas is transported where pipelines are not setup. They are portable.Disadvantages: Cylinders carry only small quantity of gas, there is danger of leakage, refilling and transportation charges made gas cylinder costly.Q What are uses of natural gas in homes and why is this fuel chosen?Ans: In homes and houses natural gas is mainly used for cooking and for heating in winter. Gas is much cheaper than firewood or oil and in very easy to use. It is easier to transport and is cleaner than wood, coal and oil. Gas cylinders are portable, light weight than wood, gas can be supplied by pipelines and large reserves of gas are available. Gas is cheap and not imported from other countries. Gas is easy to extract.Q Why natural gas is an easy fuel to extract?Ans: Deposits (reserves) of natural gas are located underground. Gas fields are spread over small size of land, simple machinery is needed to extract gas and develop gas field. Pipes are put in underground after drilling. Gas field works automatically. Little man power is needed to control pressure valves. Gas extraction has little effect on environment. Topic: Nuclear power.Q Name two locations of nuclear power plants.Ans: Chashma and Karachi.Q Explain the advantages and disadvantages of developing Nuclear power. (6) N 2009Ans: Advantages: Nuclear power supply is reliable and produce large amount of electricity. Only small amount of raw material is needed as fuel. Nuclear fuel is long lasting and reduce burden on fossil fuel. Nuclear plant cause less pollution and reduce load shedding.Disadvantages: Nuclear plant is expensive to set up, there is lack of technology, skills in Pakistan. It is difficult to maintain. There is danger of radioactivity leakage from plant; disposal of waste is difficult, danger of terrorism and bomb making. Topic: Electricity.Q Name body established in 1959 to promote and increase electricity production. (1)Ans: Water and power development authority (WAPDA).Q What is meant by National Grid?Ans: All power producer and consumers are connected with the help of transmission lines and Grid stations in Pakistan; this is known as national grid.Q What are factors considered in rural electrification.Ans: If any rural area is one Km away from power line is provided by electricity. If population of village is 300 to 500 in Balochistan and K.P.K electricity is provided. If population of village in Punjab and Sindh is 1000 electricity is provided.Q Describe social and economic advantages of rural electrification. N 94Ans: Due to supply of electricity in rural areas tube well can be run, small scale industry can be set up, standard of living can increase, awareness increases due to TV and radio.Q What is load shedding?Ans: A town is divided in different sectors and electricity is provided turn wise due to each sector due to shortage of electricity.Q What problems are caused when electricity to factory break down? (4) J 2009Ans: Break down of electricity stop production in factory, output reduces, damage machinery, can cause short circuit, delay orders, loss of profit is caused, workers sit idle, affect quality of goods.Q What are the cause of load shedding (Power shortage)? (Similar) Explain why the supply of electricity is not reliable in many parts of Pakistan. Ans: Shortage of water in rivers has reduce hydro-electric power production, siltation of dams has reduced capacity of dams, long transmission lines cause power losses of electricity poor maintenance and old machinery. High prices of fossil fuel have reduced thermal power production. Industrialization and urbanization has increased demand of electricity. There is lack of Investment in new power stations and alternative energy. Q Which sector uses the largest percentage of electricity?Ans: Domestic.Q How many factories try to overcome the problems of unreliable electricity supply from grid? (4)Ans: Government encourages establishment of private power stations. Some factories keep stand by generators. Alternative source like thermal power from burning bagasses and solar energy can be used to overcome shortage of electricity.Why is it important for factories to overcome shortage of electricity? Ans: It is important for factories to overcome shortage of electricity because power break reduce production, damage machinery, reduce profits, products being made can be spoiled. Topic: Thermal power.Q Name the places where thermal power stations are located in Pakistan.Ans: Karachi, Faisalabad, Multan, Kotri and Sukkur.Q Names the fuels used for thermal power production.Ans: Furnace oil, coal, oil, natural gas, bagasses and diesel.Q What are advantages and disadvantages of thermal power stations?Ans :( Advantages) Thermal power is produced by using many types of fuels i.e. oil, natural gas, bagasses and coal. Less capital is needed to set up thermal power station. Thermal power station completes in less time as compare to dams. Thermal power station can be set up anywhere. Thermal power station produces large quantity (amount) of electricity.(Disadvantages) Smoke produced due to burning of fossil fuel creates pollution. Dangerous gases like sulphur-di-Oxide and nitrogen oxide are also added. Noise pollution is also caused. Transportation of fuel by trucks and tankers causes traffic problems. Disposal of ash is also a problem. High cost of production and repair is also a problem. Deforestation is done to set up thermal power and for its fuel.Q Why so much thermal power is generated in Karachi? N 95Ans: Karachi is largest city of Pakistan. Thermal power stations are established to supply electricity to fulfill needs of local population. Karachi is seaport, large industry and commercial center. There is no source of hydro-electric production in Karachi, so thermal power station is established. Topic: Hydro-electricity.Q Why hydro-electricity is cheap source of electricity? (2) J2009Ans: Water is free source to produce hydro electricity. It is renewable resource. Hydro electricity has large output.Q Why Hydro electricity (H.E.P) an important source of electricity in northern areas? (3)Ans: There are number of rivers located in northern areas. Water is available in rivers due to snow fall; high rain and melting of glaciers so hydro power stations are set up to produce electricity. Sites for dams are available due to number of deep, steep and narrow valleys. Fossil fuels are not available in northern areas to produce thermal power. Hydro electricity causes no pollution.Q What problems occur when supplying electricity from reservoirs (dams) to area of high population? Ans: Most of the dams are located in remote (far) areas in difficult hilly terrain (land form) so long transmission lines and poles needs lot of funds; power losses are high due to long transmission lines.Q How electricity is produced in dams?Ans: Water from reservoir (lake) of dam is brought from tunnels which rotates turbine and a shaft attached to it moves in generator produce electricity.Q How electricity is transmitted from a dam to consumer?Ans: Electricity is produced in generators of dam is transmitted by transmission lines, transformers are attached at suitable distance, and then distributed to consumers through grid stations.Topic: Alternative power resources.Q Name environmental friendly ways of making electricity.Ans: Solar power, Wind power, Tidal power, Biogas, Bagasses, and Geothermal.Q Explain types of alternative energy can be used in Pakistan.Ans. Solar: It is suitable for Pakistan due to long hours and number of sunny days.Wind energy: It can be produced in coastal areas due to suitable wind speed.Bio gas: It is cheap, small scale, disposes waste product, produce natural gas.Bagasses: Can be used as fuel for thermal power, it is cheap, disposes waste product.Geo thermal: Not used in Pakistan.Q Explain the advantages and disadvantages of alternative power resources. N 2010Ans: (Advantages) Cheap power, renewable resource, reduce carbon-di-oxide emission, less danger of air pollution, free resource, increase power supply, can be used in remote areas, reduce use of fossil fuels so save foreign exchange.(Disadvantages) Expensive to build, expensive technology, unreliable, lack of skills and lack of experts in Pakistan, low output, may not produce in areas where needed like wind power.Q Name the different type of electrical power station in Pakistan.N99Ans: Hydro-electric power, thermal power and nuclear power.Q How bio gas is generated?Ans: Cow dung is filled in a well covered and attached with pipes. Methane gas is produced due to decaly of cow dung. Methane gas can be used as fuel for cooking and heating. It can create shortage of cow dung for agriculture which is used as fertilizer.Q What is a wind farm?Ans: A wind farm is an area where there are several wind turbines that generate electricity.Q How wind power is produced? Ans: In a wind turbine a generator is fixed at the top of a tower. Rotor blades are attached with the shaft of generator. Blades rotate when wind speed exceeds 7 miles per hour so electricity is produced by generator. Electricity cables are attached with generator. The tower has a ladder inside for maintenance staff.Q How solar power is produced?Ans: The term solar energy usually means solar heating. The sun's infra red rays pass through glass panel of solar panel where trapped heat is extracted by special fluid which transfers it to the hot water tank used for washing and pump cleaning in house and for thermal power production on large scale.Photo voltaic cells are used to power radio, small cars and pump