As Biology: Unit 1 - Module 2:2 (Circulatory Systems)

Front 1

Which 3 factors affect the need for transport systems?

Back 1

- Size
- Surface area: Volume ratio
- Level of activity

Front 2

Describe two differences in large + small animals

Back 2

- Small animals have a large surface area: Volume ratio
- Small animals don't require transport systems

Front 3

Describe features of an open system

Back 3

- Blood does not move in vessels
- Blood freely moves in haemocel (body cavity)
- Blood moves at a low pressure
- Blood is not responsible for carrying Oxygen or Carbon dioxide.

Front 4

Describe features of a closed system

Back 4

- Blood moves in vessels
- Blood moves under high pressure
- Blood is responsible for oxygen and carbon dioxide transport
- A pump is featured
- Flow can be diverted in medical emergency

Front 5

What is a single circulatory system

Back 5

A system where blood passes through the heart once in one circulation

Front 6

What is a double circulatory system?

Back 6

A system where blood passes through the heart twice in one circulation

Front 7

What are the pulmonary and systemic circulations?

Back 7

Pulmonary is heart to lungs and back to heart, systemic is heart to tissues to heart.

Front 8

Which circulation is at a higher pressure?

Back 8

The systemic circulation

Front 9

Why do mammals require a double circulation system?

Back 9

- High metabolic rate
- large diffusion pathway
- High speed of oxygen delivery is required
- We're more active as living individuals

Front 10

Which tissue primarily makes up the heart?

Back 10

Myocardium

Front 11

List the flow of blood in order.

Back 11

1. Arteries
2. Arterioles
3. Capillaries
4. Venule
5. Veins

Front 12

What tissues are present in the Tunica Media and what are their functions?

Back 12

Smooth Muscle: Constricts lumen - maintains pressure
Elastic Tissue: Allows stretch and recoil - withstands pressure

Front 13

What tissues are present in the Tunica Intima and what are their functions?

Back 13

Cililated Endothelium: prevents bursting and reduces friction - withstands pressure

Front 14

What tissues are present in Tunica Externa and what are their functions?

Back 14

Collagen Fibres: provides strength and withstands pressure

Front 15

Describe the structures and functions of tissues present in Arteries.

Back 15

- Tunica Intima: Smooth endothelium reduces friction
- Tunica Media: Smooth muscle constricts lumen and elastic tissue allows stretch and recoil
- Tunica Externa: collagen fibres provide strength
- Lumen: small to maintain a high pressure
-

Front 16

Describe the structures and functions of tissues present in Veins.

Back 16

Lumen: Large to provide low pressure
Tunica Externa: Thin collagen fibres, smooth muscle and elastic fibres - no active constriction required
Valves: prevent backflow of blood
Tunina Intima: Thin to allow blood flow from skeletal muscles

Front 17

Describe the structures and functions of tissues present in Capillaries.

Back 17

Tunica Media & Externa: not present - allows thin walls for small diffusion gradient
Lumen: one cell thick, close to cell walls
Tunica Intima: Reduces friction
Pores: Allow substance transfer

Front 18

Which path does blood take to reach the head and the arms?

Back 18

1. Aorta
2. Head + Arms
3. Superior Vena Cava

Front 19

Which path does blood take to reach the Lungs?

Back 19

1. Pulmonary artery
2. Lungs
3. Pulmonary vein

Front 20

Which path does blood take to reach the Liver?

Back 20

1. Aorta
2. Hepatic Artery
3. Liver
4. Hepatic Vein
5. Inferior Vena Cava

Front 21

Which path does blood take to reach the stomach and intestines?

Back 21

1. Aorta
2. Stomach + Intestines
3. Hepatic Portal Vein
4. Hepatic Vein
5. Inferior Vena Cava

Front 22

Which path does blood take to reach the Kidneys?

Back 22

1. Aorta
2. Renal Artery
3. Kidneys
4. Renal Vein
5. Inferior Vena Cava

Front 23

Describe Atrial Systole.

Back 23

1. Blood enters the atria.
2. Atrial Wall muscles contract
3. Atrial volume decreases
4. Atrial Pressure increases
5. Atrioventricular valves are forced open
6. Blood is forced into ventricles

Front 24

Describe Ventricular Systole

Back 24

1. Atrial Wall muscles relax
2. Ventricular wall muscles contract
3. Ventricular volume decreases
4. Ventricular pressure increases
5. Atrioventricular valve is forced shut (lub)
6. Semi-luna valves are forced open
7. Blood is forced into the arteries

Front 25

Describe Diastole

Back 25

1. Ventricular and Atrial Wall muscles relax
2. Ventricular volume increases
3. Ventricular pressure decreases
4. Semi-Luna valves slam shut (dub)
5. Atrioventricular valves open
6. Blood enters the Atria via veins.

Front 26

Describe the process of controlling the cardiac cycle.

Back 26

1. Myogenic muscles at the Sinoatrial Node generate electrical activity.
2. Wave of excitation travels down the atrial walls
3. Band of non-conducting cells stops the signal
4. Atrial Systole occurs.
5. After 0.1s, the Atrioventricular Node induces a signal
6. The wave of excitation travels down the septum via Purkyne fibres to the apex of the heart
7. Ventricular Systole occurs

Front 27

In an electrocardiogram, what does the "P" wave represent?

Back 27

Atrial systole

Front 28

In an electrocardiogram, what does the "QRS" complex represent?

Back 28

Ventricular Systole

Front 29

In an electrocardiogram, what does the "T" wave represent?

Back 29

Diastole

Front 30

What does an elevation of the S + T waves on an electrocardiogram show?

Back 30

Heart Attack

Front 31

What does a small, unclear P wave on an electrocardiogram show?

Back 31

Atrial Fibrillation

Front 32

What do deep S waves on an electrocardiogram show?

Back 32

Abnormal Ventricular Hypertrophy

Front 33

What does a long distance between the S + T waves on an electrocardiogram show?

Back 33

Long QST Syndrome

Front 34

What is the formula for respiration?

Back 34

C6H12O6 + 602 = 6H20 + 6C02

Front 35

What is the capillary bed composed of?

Back 35

Tissue fluid

Front 36

Describe the formation of Tissue Fluid.

Back 36

1. At the arteriole end of the capillary, hydrostatic pressure has a higher effect than water potential.
2. Water and other small molecules are forced into the surrounding tissues.
3. Larger molecules/proteins remain in the capillary.
4. At the venule end of the capillary, hydrostatic pressure has a lower effect than the water potential gradient
5. Water and other small molecules move via osmosis down the concentration gradient back into the capillaries
6. Excess tissue fluid is drained into the Lymphatic System.

Front 37

Name the components of the Lymphatic System.

Back 37

- Lymph Nodes
- Lymph
- The Thoracic Duct
- The Thorax
- A Network of Capillaries

Front 38

By which 3 methods does lymph travel along vessels?

Back 38

- Muscle Contaction
- Breathing
- Hydrostatic pressure

Front 39

How does Lymph rejoin the circulatory system

Back 39

The Thorax: drains from the right side of the head and the right arm into the right subclavian vein

The Thoracic Duct: drains from the rest of the body into the left subclavian vein

Front 40

For blood, describe the following properties:

a) Vessels it is present in
b) Appearance of substance
c) Cells present in substance
d) Proteins present in substance
e) Glucose presence
f) Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide levels

Back 40

a) All vessels
b) Red viscous fluid
c) Erythrocytes, leucocytes and platelets
d) Hormones and Plasma Proteins
e) 80-100mg/100cm cubed
f) High Oxygen, Low Carbon Dioxide

Front 41

For tissue fluid, describe the following properties:

a) Vessels it is present in
b) Appearance of substance
c) Cells present in substance
d) Proteins present in substance
e) Glucose presence
f) Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide levels

Back 41

a) Not in vessels
b) Unknown
c) Phagocytic Cells
d) Hormones + Secreted proteins
e) Lower than Blood
f) Low Oxygen, High Carbon Dioxide

Front 42

For lymph, describe the following properties:

a) Vessels it is present in
b) Appearance of substance
c) Cells present in substance
d) Proteins present in substance
e) Glucose presence
f) Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide levels

Back 42

a) Lymphatic Vessels
b) Milky fluid
c) Lymphocytes
d) Some proteins
e) Lower than both Tissue Fluid and Blood
f) Low Oxygen, High Carbon Dioxide

Front 43

Describe & explain the differences in the affinities of fetal and adult haemoglobin

Back 43

fetal haemoglobin has a higher affinity to oxygen than adult haemoglobin in order for the fetus to receive oxygen whilst in the womb. Without the difference in affinity, fetal haemoglobin would not be able to readily accept oxygen as easily, due to maternal haemoglobin readily accepting a large proportion of the oxygen

Front 44

What is the role of haemoglobin in terms of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide?

Back 44

It is responsible for their transport in and out of the body respectively

Front 45

How does the dissociation curve vary in the presence of Carbon Dioxide?

Back 45

The bohr effect means that haemoglobin has a higher affinity for carbon dioxide than oxygen, therefore in the presence of oxygen the bohr effect allows the readily dissociation of oxygen from haemoglobin, no longer being oxyhaemoglobin, and the readily accepting of haemoglobin to carbon dioxide, which can then be removed from the body