As Biology: Unit 1 - Module 1:1 (Cells)

Front 1

Name the two categories of Cells.

Back 1

Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic

Front 2

What is a prokaryotic cell?

Back 2

A cell without a nucleus

Front 3

Name the two eukaryotic cells.

Back 3

Animal & Plant

Front 4

Which structures are present in Plant Cells?

Back 4

Nucleus;
Mitochondria;
Cytoplasm;
Cell Wall;
Cell Membrane;
Endoplasmic Reticulum;
Ribosomes;
Golgi Apparatus;
Amyloplast;
Vacuole.

Front 5

Which structures are present in Animal Cells?

Back 5

Nucleus;
Mitochondrion;
Endoplasmic Reticulum;
Ribosomes;
Golgi Apparatus;
Cell Membrane;
Lysosomes.

Front 6

Which structures are present in Prokaryotic Cells?

Back 6

Nucleoid;
Pilli;
Cilia/Flagella;
Capsule;
Ribosomes;
Cytoplasm;
Cell wall;
Plasmalemma.

Front 7

Name the structures & functions of the Nucleus.

Back 7

Nucleus: stores genetic material for cell
Nucleolus: produces ribosomes & RNA
Chromatin: DNA & Proteins which make Chromosomes
Nuclear Envelope with Nuclear pores: allows material to leave.

Front 8

Name the structures & functions of Endoplasmic Reticulum.

Back 8

Two types: Rough & Smooth.
Both: Flattened sacs of Cisternae.
Rough: studded with ribosomes - transports proteins
Smooth: produces lipids

Front 9

Name the structures & functions of Golgi Apparatus.

Back 9

Function: Modifies proteins (Post-translation)
Vessicles: to package and release proteins.

Front 10

Name the structures & functions of Mitochondria.

Back 10

Function: site of respiration and production of ATP.
Inner membrane (Cristae): Folded to provide more surface area.
Spherical/Sausage shape

Front 11

Name the structures & functions of Chloroplasts

Back 11

Consists of: Stroma; piles of Thylakoids forming a Granum; Lumen; inner and outer membrane.
Grana - chlorophyll for light dependent stage of P.S.
Stroma - location of light independent stage of P.S.

Front 12

Name the structures & functions of Lysosomes

Back 12

Function: Sacs of Digestive Enzymes used to destroy foreign bodies.
Fuses with other cells (e.g. acrosomes in Sperm)

Front 13

Name the function of Ribosomes

Back 13

Function: Protein synthesis

Front 14

Name the structures & functions of Centrioles

Back 14

Small tubes of protein fibres.
Contains microtubules
Forms the spindle fibres in cell division.

Front 15

Name the structures & functions of the Vacuole

Back 15

Liquid sap sac surrounded by a tonoplast
Contains sugars
Maintains cell stability

Front 16

Name the structures & functions of Cilia & Flagella

Back 16

Both can be used for movement.
Structured in 9+2 formation (9 microtubules plus 2 in the centre)

Front 17

How is movement produced by undulipodia?

Back 17

Microtubules slide past each other (bend and snap)

Front 18

Describe the production & secretion of proteins.

Back 18

1. mRNA is produced by nucleolus in nucleus.
2. mRNA is released by the nucleus through the nuclear envelope.
3. mRNA attaches to Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, and ribosomes begin protein synthesis.
4. The molecules are pinched into vessicles and fuses with golgi.
5. Golgi Apparatus modifies proteins and packages into vessicles.
6. Released vessicles fuse with plasma membrane and release contents outside of cell.

Front 19

What is the cytoskeleton?

Back 19

A network of protein filaments called microfilaments

Front 20

Define magnification.

Back 20

The degree to which the size of the image is larger than the object.

Front 21

Define resolution.

Back 21

The degree to which individual points can be distinguished between.

Front 22

Name the three types of microscopes, their magnifications and their resolutions.

Back 22

- Light Microscopes: 1500x and 200nm
- Scanning Electron: 100,000x and 0.2nm
- Transmission Electron: 500,000x and 0.2nm

Front 23

What determines resolution?

Back 23

The wavelength of radiation used in the microscope.

Front 24

Name advantages of using a light microscope.

Back 24

Observe living specimens
Cheap
Quick.

Front 25

Name disadvantages of using a light microscope.

Back 25

Low Resolution
Low Magnification

Front 26

How are electron microscopes different to light microscopes?

Back 26

They fire a stream of electrons at the specimen

Front 27

How do scanning and transmission telescopes differ?

Back 27

Scanning microscopes focus on texture and produce a 3D image.
Transmission microscopes go through specimen and reveal areas of varying density, producing a 2D Image.

Front 28

Advantages of using an electron microscope?

Back 28

3D Image produced
High resolution
High Magnification

Front 29

Disadvantages of using an electron microscope?

Back 29

Expensive
Difficult to use
Requires dead specimen stored in vacuum
Only black & white images

Front 30

What is the formula for calculating magnification?

Back 30

Magnification = Image size / Actual size

Front 31

How many micrometres are present in:
a) 1mm
b) 1000nm

Back 31

a) 1000
b) 1

Front 32

Define Totipotent

Back 32

cells capable of dividing into every cell

Front 33

Define Pluripotent

Back 33

cells capable of only dividing into specialised cells

Front 34

Define Erythrocyte

Back 34

Red blood cells

Front 35

Why is it necessary to use staining when using microscopes?

Back 35

To be able to clearly distinguish between each organelle more easily

Front 36

How is transport within cells achieved?

Back 36

The use of ATP to move products in vessicles on pathways provided by the cytoskeleton of microfilaments that form pathways