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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ARTICULATION
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more of a motor process forming sounds.
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PHONOLOGY
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sound fucntion within a language
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ARTICULATION DISORDERS
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know what to do, physically cannot do it
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PHONOLOGICAL DISORDERS
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do not understand distinction between "k" and "t".
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MOTOR PROCESSES IS MOST CONSISTENT WITH
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articulation
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PHONES (NOT PHONEMES) MOST CONSISTENT WITH ARTICULATION OR PHONOLOGY?
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ARTICULATION
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PHONE
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smallest identifiable speech unit that is able to be transcribed with IPA symbol.
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PHONEME
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smallest linguistic unit that is able when combined with other units to establish word meaning and distinguish between them.
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LINGUISTIC PROCESSES IS MOST CONSISTENT WITH ARTIC. OR PHONOLOGY?
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PHONOLOGY
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[s] but not /s/ is most consisten with artic or phonology?
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ARTICULATION
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BRACKETS
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phone, showing how sounds are produced
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VIRGULES
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phoneme, particular languge system
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MINIMAL PAIRS MOST CONSISTEN WITH ARTIC OR PHON?
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PHONOLOGY
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FINAL CONSONANT DELETION- MOST CONSISTENT WITH ARTIC OR PHON?
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PHONOLOGY
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MINIMAL PAIR
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words that differ in only one phoneme value among their sound consitutents (book vs. cook)
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FINAL CONSONANT DELETION
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a developmental syllable structure process by which a CVC syllable (closed) is converted to a CV (open) syllable.
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CONSONANTS
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constriction of vocal tract
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CONSONANTS CAN BE:
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sonorant or obstruent
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VOWELS ARE
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all sonorants
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vowels typically fucntion within syllables as
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NUCLEUS
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PHONOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
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acquistion of speech sound form and fucntion within the language system.
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Discrimination of non-native sounds in infants is an example of what component of phonological development?
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PERCEPTUAL
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PERCEPTUAL
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ability to identify and percieve diffs. between speech sounds.
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CANONICAL BABBLING IS A STAGE IN WHAT TYPE OF PHONOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT?
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SEGMENTAL AND VOCAL
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VOCAL DEVELOPMENT
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begins with prelinguistic behavior ranging from reflexive vocalizations to babbling.
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DEVELOPMENT OF CVCVVC IS PART OF WHICH TYPE OF PHONOLOGICAL DEVEL?
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SEGMENTAL
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SEGMENTAL
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the development of speech sound segments and word shapes.
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LENGTHENING OF VOCAL VOLDS IS PART OF WHICH TYPE OF DEVEL?
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STRUCTURAL
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STRUCTURAL
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anatomical structures support artic, respiration, and phonation.
strucures of speech mechanism change shape size and position with development. |
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A rising pitch contour at the end of questions is a component of what phonological development?
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suprasegmental
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SUPRASEGMENTAL
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speech characteristics that are above level or speech segment.
pitch, length, loudness of syllables. also called prosody. |
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What is a physiological correlate of vocal intensity?
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sub-glottic pressure
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VOCAL INTENSITY
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more air underneath vocal cords.
vocal cords push together more tightly, causing sub-glottic pressure. |
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physiological correlate of suprasegmentals
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fundamental frequency
vocal intensity duration |
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fundamental frequency
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rate of vocal fold vibration
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vocal intensity
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pressure under the vocal folds (sub-glottic pressure)
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duration
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length of time
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stress
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prominence of syllables.
stand out because they are longer, louder and have more pitch change. makes a diff. ina word meaning. |
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strong-weak pattern
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trochaic
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trochaic
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more common in english, higher pitch
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Infant suprasegmental Development
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begins at approx. 6 months of age.
falling pitch contour most common in 1st year. diversification of prosodic patterns occurs in later babbling becomes expressive jargon |
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suprasegmental development: first 50 words
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-falling pitch contour still predominates
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suprasegmental devel: first 50 words
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rising contour is emerging
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suprasegmental devel: first 50 words
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prosody used to indicate diffs in meaning
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suprasegmental devel: first 50 wrods
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diff b/w mommy! and mommy?
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suprasegmental devel: first 50 words
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stress patterns primarily trochaic (weak syllable deletion occurs)
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suprasegmental devel: preschool and school age
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more frequent occurence of iambic stress.
continue to use stress in both production and perception true mastery of prosodic features does not occur until 12 |
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Adult mouth and pharynx
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-hyoid more posterior
-v.f.'s more inferior -cavaties larger |
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newborn mouth and pharynx
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-tongue takes almost all oral space
-alot is jammed -hyoid bone higher -v.f's more superior -velum and epligottis approximate |
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what structural characteristic most impacts infant phonation?
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disproportionately large cartilages
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Articulation in infants
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-tongue and sucking pads leave little room for articulatory movement
-teeth, major structures for artic. must develop |
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Phonation in infants
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-disproportionately large arytenoid and cricoid cartilages extend further into vocal folds, stifling vibration.
-v.f's legnthen while artyenoid cartilages change little in size, allowing for less restriced v.f vibration |
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Respiration in infants
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-lungs proportionally large for body structure resulting in considerable sub-glottal pressure
-1/3 to 1/2 alveoli present at birth -rate of rest breathing is 30 to 80 breaths/min in newborns |
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Resonance in infants
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-oral, pharyngeal and laryngeal cavities are small, resulting in diff. resonant frequencies
-larynx remains somewhat fixed, restricting degree to which the resonating tube can be shoretned and leghtened |
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breathing rate:
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longer utterances
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why aren't we born with adult like speech structure/fucntion?
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vegatative functions supersede speech
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Beginnings of preceptual development
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-during final trimester, fetal heart rate changes are detected when syllable stimulation varies
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beginnings of perceptual development
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-infants under 3 months of age can detect diffs in place and manner of consonant articulation
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beginnings of perceptual devel.
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-up to 6-8 months of age, non-native sounds can be discriminated from one another
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beginnings of perceptual devel.
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-by 10-12 months, discrimination b/w non-native sounds disappeared
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perceptual development
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-helps us understand what infants understand
-leading indicator of linguistic development |
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early perceptual abilities related to language devel and disorders
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-correlation b/w speech perception 6 months and later lang.
- diffs reported in brain potentials at a few days old b/w kids with famliar risk for dyslexia and kids without risk. |
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when do infants discriminate b/w speech sounds?
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before birth
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what do infants under 8 months do better than adults?
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non-native speech sounds
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categorical perception
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tendency of listeners to percieve speech sounds varied along a continuum according to phoneme categories of their native language
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is there continuity b/w prelinguistic and linguistic development?
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yes
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prelinguistic development
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-vocalizations prior to 1st words
-5 stages -children comprehend words at 7 to 9 months |
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stages of prelinguistic devel: STAGE 1
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reflexive crying and vegatative sounds (birth to 2 months)
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stages of prelinguistic devel: STAGE 2
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cooing and laughter (2 to 4 months)
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stages of preling. devel. STAGE 3
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vocal play (4 to 6 months)
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stages of preling. devel. STAGE 4
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canonical babbling (6 months and up)
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stages of preling. devel. STAGE 5
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jargon stage (10 months and up)
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stage 1: relexive crying and vegatative sounds (birth-2 months)
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-reflexive vocalizations. automatic responses reflecting phsycial state-cries, grunts,burps
-vegatative sounds: grunts, sighs, clicks |
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stage 2: cooing and laughter (2 to 4 months)
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-produced during comfortable states, consonant-like and vowel-like sounds from back of mouth (goo, ga)
-at 12 wks crying and veg sounds decline -16 weeks=laughing |
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Stage 3: vocal play (4 to 6 months)
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-longer series of speech segments with more variation in tongue height and position
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stage 3: vocal play (4 to 6 months)
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-prolonged vowel or consonant-like steady states
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stage 3: vocal play (4 to 6 months)
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-extreme variations in pitch and intensity
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stage 3: vocal play (4 to 6 months)
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-transition b/w segments still slower than older kids.
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stage 4: canonical babbling ( 6 months and older)
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-baba
-bada -smooth transitions b/w consonant and vowel productions |
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what prelinguistic stage corresponds with loss of non-native speech sound discrimination?
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jargon
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what differentiates canonical babbling and jargon?
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suprasegmentals
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stage 5: jargon (10 mnths and older)
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-strings of babbling utterances modulated by prosody characteristic of language
-overlaps with meaningful words -adults respond as in convo w/ infants |
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segmental production
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-during canoncial babbling vocoids and contoid are produced, formed like true vowels and conso. but not part of linguistic productions
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contoids
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[h], [d], [b], [m], [t], [g], [w]
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vocoids
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[eh]. [I], [uh]
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evidence for continuity b/w babbling and first words would be
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overlap b/w prelinguistic and linguistic stages
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what classes of sound typically develop early?
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stops
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frequent consonants in babbling
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b.d.m.n mostly d
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babbling to 1st words
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-1st words...12 months
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transition of babbling to 1st words
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-monosyllabic utterances
-stops, nasal, frics -bilabial and apical productions -rare use of cc's -use of central, mid-front, and low front vowels |
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true word
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-communicative intention
-stable phonetic form -related to adult form |
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by the end of first 50 words
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-child is beginning to put two words together (18-24 months)
-perception and comprehension are more advanced than production |
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sounds of early words
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-not adultlike, simplified
-clearly related to adult word |
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considerable phonetic variability w/in child
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phonetic form may vary from one production to another
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limited syllable structure
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CV,VC, and CVC predominate. CVCV full or partial reduplications
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limited segmental inventory
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vowels: [a] followed by [i] and [u]
consonants: voiced and labial alveolar stops as well as nasals [h] and [w] |
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where do vowels in early w/in word segmental productions fit in the vowel quadrilateral?
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in the corners
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word inital
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voiced stops precede voiceless stops
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word final
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voiceless stops precede voiced stops
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[r]
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appears in word-final before word-intial position
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"cookie" syllable shape?
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CVCV
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salience factor
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selection of words that are important to child
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avoidance factor
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avoidance of words with sounds not in the child's inventory
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Slow segmental transitions is a characteristic of which stage?
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vocal play
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prelinguistic development: ages
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birth to 12 months
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transition to first words: ages
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around 12 months
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prerepresentational stage: ages
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12-18 months
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representational stages
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18 months to 4 yrs
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phonetic inventory completion
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4-7 yrs
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advanced phonology
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7-12
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non-systematic relation between child and adult forms. word-by- word representations
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pre-representational stage (12-18 mnths)
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two-word stage
rapid increase in vocab. systematic relationship b/w child and adult forms phoneme-based representations |
representational (18 mnths to 4 yrs)
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during which stage are we most likely to perform an independent analysis?
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pre-representational
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why would we use a relational analysis in assessment during the representational stage?
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can relate productions to adult targets
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confrontation naming tests
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based on large normative population
elicit single-word responses with pics judge accuracy of phonemes in various word positions |
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which is an advantage of confrontation naming over a connected speech sample?
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all phonemes tested in all positions
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[skEp] for skip
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distinctive features
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sound by sound
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substitutions, omissions, distortions
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distinctive features
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focus on how pohonemes are differentiated using binary system
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natural phonology
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errors are reflection of naturally easier sounds to produce
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non-linear phonology
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takes into account levels above the phoneme such as stress syllable structure
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in natural phonology it is assumed that phonological processes are
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innate and universal
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[ske] for skate
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syllable-structure phonological process
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phonological processes
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phonological processes are patterns that are simpler for children to produce.
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syllable structure processes
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syllable or word shape of production differs from target
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assimilation is likely occuring when
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subsituted sounds share characteristics of the phonetic context
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nonlinear phonology
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structure above the level of speech sounds
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