Art Terms

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Europe and the United States around 1850

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Industrialization
Urbanization
Capitalism and international commercial exchange
Globalization and colonization
Art: public viewing at many different kinds of exhibitions (Paris: called “Salons”) and in newly established museums
Art criticism becomes public response to art
Rise of avant-garde and modernism

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Avant-garde

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not making art to please the audience but rather provoke the audience

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Aquatint

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stippled ground produced by rosin spread and then dried on surface of plate; acid bites into exposed points
Progress

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Romanticism

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Artist emphasizes both horror of death and dying people and dynamic, stirring composition intended to appeal to emotions and unconscious
Progress

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Romanticism Movement

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in literature as well, interested in the imagination rather than rationality or scientific world, subjected feeling, accompanied with dark elements that correlate with feelings
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Realism

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Painters in the 19th century focused on reality and social networks
French artists Courbet, Millet, Rosa Bonheur
People’s work and lives as subject
Social and political consciousness (class as theme)
Stable, earthbound figures and compositions
Textural, material use of paint

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Impressionists

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artists self identifying themselves as a group
the word was originally used to criticize their work because it looked unfinished but instead the adopted the name

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American modernist painters of the nineteenth century?

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Often traveled to study in France

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French Impressionists

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Capture visual “impression” of scene, atmosphere
Use white ground and color (often unblended) to paint effects of light revealing form
Highly textured surfaces
Unusual vantage points, compositions that are often asymmetrical or candid in effect
Contemporary life, society, leisure, and labors of working class as subjects
Self-consciously “modern”
Middle class public as primary audience
Progress

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Formalism

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emphasis upon conditions of viewing as "subject"
visual effect in light, color, composition and brush work
used by Claude Monet
impressionists

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Cassatt makes the painting "The Bath," “modern”—HOW?

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By cropping forms in unexpected ways

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“Post-Impressionism”

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Development of Impressionist innovations in subject matter, color, treatment of form, composition and spatial definition

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“Expressive” trend

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emphasis upon form for psychological and spiritual effect: Toulouse-Lautrec, Vincent van Gogh, Paul

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“Analytical” trend

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emphasis upon pictorial structure and visual effect: Paul Cézanne, Georges Seurat

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Pointillism/Divisionism

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dots that form light and shadow through color

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Symbolist movement of late 19th century

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emphasized artist’s dreams and inner vision, to point of madness; “extreme subjectivism”

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Europe and the United States in the Early Twentieth Century

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Revolution in Russia (1917) and World War I (1914-18) in Europe and the United States: end of era of monarchy and aristocracy, and new instability of Western imperialism

Radical new developments in science: Max Planck’s quantum theory: atomic energy; Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity: space-time continuum and matter as form of energy

Technological and industrial development

Freud’s theory of the unconscious

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French Fauvism

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at 1905 exhibition, critic called artists “fauves”—wild beasts
Inspired by Gauguin, Fauvists “liberated” color to serve new expressive and structural purposes; exaggerated tension between surface and space
France

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German Expressionism

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Die Brucke (The Bridge), led by Kirchner;
Aim: to “bridge” the old and the new
Kirchner uses color, radical perspective and disturbing forms to evoke harshness and creepiness of urban life

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Soft-ground etching

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acid-resistant ground overlaid with thin paper, onto which artist draws; ground lifted from plate where lines are drawn when paper peeled off; produces soft line

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etching

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the act or process of making designs or pictures on a metal plate, glass, etc., by the corrosive action of an acid instead of by a burin.

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Lithography

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he art or process of producing a picture, writing, or the like, on a flat, specially prepared stone, with some greasy or oily substance, and of taking ink impressions from this as in ordinary printing.

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The early skyscraper was made possible by?

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internal “skeletons” of cast-iron or steel

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Cubism

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probably developed jointly by Picasso and the French painter Braque, and Lipchitz
France

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Of all the Post-Impressionists, the artist most influential upon Cubism was

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Cézanne

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“Cubist sculpture”

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body composed of geometric solids dynamically arranged to suggest physical action
Ultimate inspiration: Cezanne

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Futurism

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founded by Italian poet Marinetti; celebration of modern world, machines, war, destruction of old and celebration of new; some association with Italian Fascism
Italy

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Constructivism

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developed by a group of Russian artists principally in the early 20th century, characterized chiefly by a severely formal organization of mass, volume, and space, and by the employment of modern industrial materials.

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"The Blue Riders"

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Der Blaue Reiter was formed in 1911 in Munich as a loose association of painters by Franz Marc. They shared an interest in abstracted forms and prismatic colors, which, they felt, had spiritual values that could counteract the corruption and materialism of their age.
Germany
Progress
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"DeStijl"

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Dutch Modernist Movement
Mondrian: “pure plastic art,” or “Neoplasticism”; painting reduced to purist elements, with no representational traces

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"Bauhaus"

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WALTER GROPIUS, Shop Block, the Bauhaus (“State School of Building”), Dessau, Germany, 1925–1926
Utopian unity of design
MARCEL BREUER, tubular chair, 1925
Bauhaus unity of the arts; dedication to craft and modernist materials and design
in Germany: architecture and design
Progress
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One of the following was NOT a Modernist movement of the early 20th century in Europe?

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Romanticism

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"Dada"

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abandon reason and logic; “Dada says knowthing, Dada has no fixed ideas.”
Context of Dada: disillusionment after WWI(1914-18) Theories of the unconscious
Unconscious: Sigmund Freud, founder of psychoanalysis
Followers Carl Jung, Anna Freud, and others
Superego, Ego and Id (unconscious)
Expression of latent desires, especially sexual
Artistic expression especially valued in psychoanalysis, and many artists involved in psychoanalysis throughout 20th century
in Germany, France, USA

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“Ready-made”

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actory produced products
MARCEL DUCHAMP

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“Dada” refers to?

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“Know-thing”

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photomontage

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medium to satirize Weimar German society of 1920s and promote Dadaist avant-garde movement; artist capitalizing on advertising techniques, including appeal to unconscious 
HANNAH HÖCH

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Surrealism

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described by poet André Breton: “Surrealism is based on the belief in the superior reality of certain forms of association heretofore neglected, in the omnipotence of dreams, in the undirected play of thought…”

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"automatism"

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creation of art without conscious control; painting process moves between conscious and unconscious
JOAN MIRÓ

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Surrealism placed great importance upon?

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Freud’s theory of the unconscious

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Photogravure

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printed on tissue

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Early American Modernism

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architecture and social life