Art History Of The 20Th Century

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Unit 6

American Regionalism

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Regionalism refers to the work of a number of rural artists, mostly from the Midwest. Not being part of a coordinated movement, Regionalist artists often had an idiosyncratic style or point of view. What they shared, among themselves and among other American Scene painters, was a humble, anti-modernist style and a desire to depict everyday life. However their rural conservatism tended to put them at odds with the urban and leftist Social Realists of the same era.

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Alexander Hogue, Drought stricken area

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Wants you to know this is farm land

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Alexander Hoque, Crucified Earth

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Crow to scare. the crows usually but looks like its on a cross. Earth has been killed by the dust bowl.

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Thomas Hart Benton, Hailstorm

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Was a big fan of the working class (people who owned/worked on farm included) Believed their labor was critical to the US Avoided factory work, enjoyed true manual labor.

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Thomas Benton, Cradling Wheat

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Fields were being cut mechanically during this period, but he shows past methods anyways.

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Thomas Benton, boomtown

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(A town that's grown up)

Cloud of smoke is natural gas as oil is being pumped.

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Thomas Hart Benton, Hollywood

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Paints sets for the movies. Walt Disney hired him to produce publicity posters. Paints the people who are behind the scenes making the production.

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Thomas Hart Benton

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Taught Jackson Pollock. He was a teacher you study from that you just can't ignore what they say. Make big works. Did not like Boomtown because he likes the old ways and workers. Industrialization took away from manual labor which he loved.

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Unit 7

Abstract Expressionists

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Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko, Robert Motherwell, Lee Krasner, Arshille Gorky, Clyfford Still, Franz Kline, Barnett Newman, Adolph Gottlieb, Willem de Kooning, Helen Frankenthaler.

The artists as a group are often called the New York School.

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The New York School

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1. Very interested in subject of human tragedy (war, thread of death or human destruction)

2. Origins of life.

3. Very interested in the workings of the unconscious mind.

4. Have a belief that humans are all inherently good.

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Robert Motherwell, Poncho Villa, Dead and Alive

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Government was terrified of him, officially assassinated. Stood up for the liberty of all people. (Left) Poncho Villa dead (Right) him alive. Splotches are blood. Genitals- Signs of power and life.

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Robert Motherwell, Elegy to the Spanish republic

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Huge paintings. Elegy= funeral song. These are laments for Spain. His way of lamenting death of democracy. Spanish symbol is a black bull. Tribute to the black bull. Intended you to imagine them being crushed between bars to represent life being squeezed by fascist government. People feel connected to his work.

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Jackson Pollock

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Was encouraged by Thomas Hart Benton.

"Reason I'm abstract, I see in surrounding countries that the freedom to create art does not exist."

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Jackson Pollock, Gothic

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These artists eliminated "things" or "objects," they have to do with commercial structure. What they make is very important to them. All commercial products are the same. They want to pay tribute to creative hand at work. Says Gothic is a one of a kind art. His paintings are one of a kind.

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Jackson Pollock, Gothic

Continued

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Why titled gothic? People who worked with hands were put on"pedestals"high regard in European society. Wanted to pay tribute to that time in Western history.

1. Color scheme related to stain glass

2. Pollock used tall format to indicate tall gothic catedral.

3. Gives you a sense of big arched forms found by the windows.

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Jackson Pollock, She-Wolf (Wolf that just had babies)

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Huge very important moment: mythology. Was looking at bronze sculpture. Story: two little boys thrown into river and raised by wolves. Boys: diamond shapes. Significance? 1943 was bloodiest year, many died. Tried to create something in reference the time, but in creative way. Out of war comes great thing and founding of a new city. Imagines that something good could come out of it. Pollock hated war.

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Jackson Pollock, War

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Woman's body thrown out of the tension, horse to the right, something set on fire.

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Jackson Pollock, Mural

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Huge. No clues as to what it is. Picasso's Guernica inspired Pollock. 6x20 ft. Cecil Beaton took pictures in front of his work, he never gave her permission. Reads more as wallpaper than art. says paintings aren't pretty luxury, but it is used that way by Cecil.

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Jackson Pollock, Birth

Sigmund Freud (psychoanalysis); Carl Jung

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He was severely depressed, hired a psychoanalyst. This painting is his rebirth time. Birds end up being a sign for birth or rebirth. Painting is reference to the birds. May also be a woman giving birth, the agony of birth.

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Jackson Pollock, Male and Female

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In each of our psyches there is a male and female component to be healthy. To bring opposite components together in our psyches. Believed curved lines were best for females and straight angular lines for males. Idea of this painting is the coming together of male and female.

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Jackson Pollock, Guardians of the secret

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Believed his paintings were understandable to the people, but it isn't very clear. He didn't want to give up abstract so they tried and tried to make them more reliable. 6ft tall, vaguely vertical forms (Guardians of the secret) [bottom] some sort of guardian beast.

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Jackson Pollock (action Painting) (drip and Pour painting phase)

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Automatic writing, hypnotize you and ask you to write, he/she will start writing or drawing in random. Freud believed it revealed the workings of your unconscious mind. Influenced by European surrealist painters.

"Source of my paintings is the unconscious mind."

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Jackson Pollock, Full Fathom Five

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Blue/Black with orange. Title from play the tempest, interested in the line on this slide. Shipwreck, father of a character dies, body sinks to the bottom of the sea. [many many feet deep] He has not disintegrated. Nothing has faded away. Cigarette buts, nail, tacks, coins, buttons. Transformed ordinary things into something rich and strange. Orange is the anchor. Wants to see the alternative to death, something can show beauty.

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Jackson Pollock, Number One

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Dripped, he puts his hand prints on it and made it personal. Worked hard to make it unified. Thought they were resistant to fashion or material things. used his automitism- state of unconscious and they leak through during this and full fathom five.

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Mark Rothko, Slow swirl by the edge of the sea

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Water is one of the biggest symbols of human unconscious symbol for another symbol. Looking at the two human forms, they are suppose to be turning or swirling. There is an elbow by the woman's head. Rothko often called her My Venus, He may be referring to the goddess of the sea.

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Arshile Gorky, The Betrothal 2

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Reference to man on a horse picking up the new wife. Man on horse, woman on the far right. Engaged- men and woman coming together. Male and female, works were meant as therapy to see what is positive about us as humans

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Carl Jung: "Racial Memory" or "Collective Unconscious"

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We have signs and symbols that go back to our ancestors. Those signs and symbols draw us together with others on Earth, all of us share something in our diversity. Turned to example that Jung used in his work. Look seriously at Eskimo art.

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Adolph Gottlieb, Pictogram

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Was interested in collective unconscious. Believed these would be very readable.

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Adolph Gottlieb, Decent into Darkness

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Come from collection of native objects.

"All primitive expression, reveals constant awareness as powerful forms. These forms reveal presences of terror and fear and the brutality of the natural world."

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Lee [woman] Krasner, untitled, 1948

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Geometric forms, wanted us to sense the forms we all carry with us in the subconscious mind.

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Mark Rothko, Homage to Matisse

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Color field painting. would use sponges and create fields of color.

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Rothko, Yellow and orange.

Rothko, Green and Maroon.

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Wanted them to be hung close to the floor. Suppose to feel they are water like. Thought water is a sign for the unconscious mind.

*Wanted feelings to be: Birth, Death, or Dissolution.

Light paired with dark- in these works light=life, dark= death. Light = peace, dark = war.

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Rothko Chapel, Houston, TX

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Place where you might get a religious feel from his works. 8 paintings inside, 3 are triptychs. Triptychs of his are black. Gloomy colors, very somber. Wanted them to show suffering and death of christ on the cross. Wanted it to remind viewers as a door or a doorway.

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Barnett Newman, Concord

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Most vocal about his feelings, he was an anarchist. Anarchist was a common thing at the time. He believed in decentralized, locally controlled government and a non hierarchical society with public ownership of banks, business and cultural institutions. Creative images to express decentralized and harmonious feel. Two equally sized bars of orange run down the middle. Think of concord, agreement, harmony. Long bars in his work are called 'zips' stands for every man and every woman. Usually same size, close and in agreement. He painted them large to show the span of humanity and show man as good without conflict.

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Barnett Newman, Vir Heroicus Sublimis

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He is a colorfield painter. Look at man in title and think of the zips in his painting. Decentralized, non hierarchical surface. Color: Red- heroic, joy and goodness of humanity. Wanted you to stand in front of it and feel the extensiveness of the human race. Didn't want anything to be more important than the rest.

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Helen Frankenthaler, the bay

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Poured paint on canvas, lifted sides and would let if flow around the canvas. Would thin down the paint to different degrees. Many of her paintings are titled to suggest water.

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Helen Frankenthaler, Canal

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Learned how to tip and tilt the canvas without having to use a brush. Intended them as explorations of what paint can do.

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Willem de Kooning, Woman 1

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He had Alzhemiers. In earlier phase he was interested in the female. He did a series of Woman 1. Woman are large, full breasted, fashionable, and hideous-like. Big wild eyes.

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Willem de Kooning

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When he made them he thought of Venus of Willendorf, fertility figure. Compare her a large breasts to Woman 1. Greek Gorgon, 600, destroyer of men. Was known to turn men to stone. Williem is imagining woman as nuturing, motherly, fashionable, yet to feared. Beginning of woman's rights.

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Willem de Kooning, woman and bicycle

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big body, maybe maternal, but then the face is strange. Big lips, eyes, necklace. Maybe wheel on lower left? Don't look to hard, reference to woman during new and audacious things.

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Unit 8

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Jasper Johns, Johns Rauschenberg, other

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Jasper Johns, white flag, numbers in color

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White Flag- Not all white, clearly built up. Clearly vernacular and common place subjects. Took stencils, placed them over the canvas and doctored them up to create. Numbers in color- Seriality- Common word that will be used with Jasper John.

Seriality- reference to mass production, mass consumption. Johns loved the common place subject; American Flag.

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Jasper Johns, Three Flags

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Encaustic- dry pigment suspended in melted wax and apply while it's still hot, short thick strokes. Illusion of three flags. Picked subject because wanted viewer to think what he did to the surface of the paintings. says his works has no meanings, but you cannot look at a flag and not think of a flag. Many thought about US senator McCarthy. Senator McCarthy targeted a lot of socialists, never Jasper Johns but did target Johns boyfriend and friends.

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Jasper John's, Sculptural Flag

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Canvas and wood. He is very textural in general

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Jasper John's, Target

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Texture shown from layering of the paint. Commenting on art itself. Why show this next to the other painting? Most important part is the subject at the center. In this case, the oath taken by the boys (sacrifice yourself for your country) Center of a target is a bullseye, most important part of a target is its center.

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Jasper Johns, Target with plaster casts

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He made them wit his body, fixes (his) human body parts above the target. Deflating the importance of the human body. [He was a closet gay man] Was this a self portrait?

In academic art in general, the human body is considered the highest subject, which makes a statement against Academic art. The US believed the Russians were targeting them.

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Jasper Johns, Grey Painting with ball, Painting with two balls.

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grey- remove emotion that color causes. Stenciled the title, little balls that came from mass culture. Paying tribute to the beautiful flat canvas. Painting with ball- Had a series of grey. thinks when people look at color, they feel a kind of emotion.

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Robert Rauschenberg (Jasper Johns lover)

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Combines- Other materials- Plast, wood, etc.

Assemblages- Totally free standing work

Known for these two types of works ( will not test on which is combine/assemblage.) Puts things in t destroy the usual understanding of paintings.

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Robert Rauschenberg, Charlene

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Named after dancer he knew, Multiple canvas' put together. Has motor that will cause umbrella to spin - Charlene light -feet on stage. Beautiful clothing- what Charlene wore.

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Robert Rauchenberg

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Says if he goes on a walk and doesn't find enough stuff for his work before he comes back, then he's not a very good artist. He inspired Marcel Duchamps "readymades," mass produced objects, Duchamp found, signed and displayed as 'art.'

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Rauschenberg, Odalisk

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Table leg, wooden base, pillow, stuck box on top and a 'chicken.' On box- painted on it. It was apparently based off of painting next to it, Large odaliske. Very Avant garde. She was in a harem, shes from porn magazine. Poule de luxe= deluxe chicken or high class prostitute.

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Robert Rouschenberg, Monogram

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Found the stuffed goat, Put the goat on a tire. Think of the goat laced through the tire. This is a sign about who he is. He had a pet goat. He was also gay, goat= homosexual.

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Rauschenberg, Bed

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Heavily painted, dripped pillow Myth: He didn't have money and couldn't buy canvas. Actually: reference to how creative people come up with ideas.

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Rauschenberg, Estate

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Made with silkscreen. Taking images related to NYC. Buildings from his neighborhood. Think of estate as great city of NY.

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Louise Nevelson, Dawns wedding feast.

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Spray painted white, Bride/Groom. Occurred when she was going through a divorce. Most works are impersonal and mechanical.

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Marisol Escobar, Bicycle Race

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Enjoyed wood as a medium. liked to be socially serious, yet comical. Carved tires, bike frames, boxed torso painted breasts. Picture about gender competition. He's in front, She's behind. She has a male and female head. Time when woman are becoming more important. 2nd head suggests she is trying to become something else.

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Marisol, the Family

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Real baby carriage, Figure: boxes/wood. They are all very rigid and woman looks dumb with lamp over her head and boobs out. That woman didn't have any freedom in the family.

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Marisol, women and dog

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3 different kinds of contemporary women

Left: Business woman: forward-female, side-male. Middle: traditional face: marisol. Right: Business/Mother.

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Unit 9 Pop art

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Originated in England

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Roy Lichtenstein, Why Brad Darling

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(Comic Art)

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Andy Warhol, Mick Jagger

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Oil on canvas. Comes out of mass popular culture.

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Andy Warhol, Dollar Signs, 1981

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idk

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Richard Hamilton, Just what is it that makes todays homes so different?

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Really played up advertising

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Claes Oldenburg, Cardboard flag

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Made them look originally ordinary or plain.

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Class Oldenburg, Old dump flag

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Found them washed up on the beach

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Claes Oldenburg, Giant Hamburger

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(3D) Painted sail cloth. Was referring to how we elevate these awful foods.

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Claes Oldenburg, sitting instillation, the Store NYC

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Created in rental space, a studio/store made works by hand, put on wall/floor etc. and people could come in and buy, Most works were Ceramic. -maker, Distributer, Market man. Each is hand made. Wants to celebrate the richness Roy Lichenstein, Pistol (felt) Violence was already an issue at this time, cared deeply about the violence. JFK especially.

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New York, Times Square

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Has great diversity, but there are new ways of advertising/thinking that people are attracted to. There are huge suburban tracks, building houses that all look alike. Sense that truly American life is emerging.

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Jasper Johns, Map

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Encaustic and collage. Each state stenciled with their name. Strokes of paint cross the boundary of the states. Yes, We're the US and yet the States are one. Franchises were growing from place to place.

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Tom Wesselman, Still life No. 31

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TV is a very big deal and was the center piece of mass media. Series of still life paintings. What tells you this is his portrait of America? George Washington and Red White and Blue. Love Paul Cezanne. You experience their world.

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Vija Celmins, TV

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About the size of one of the small black and white TVs. Shows plane crash that was video recorded. On your TV you see it second hand and the painting makes it 3rd hand in just a flat surface. Colors are the same.

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Rauschenberg, Retroactive 1

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Interested in how images from TV go from one to the next thing. Tried to show disjointedness when watching TV. This was done after JFK was assassinated. JFK on TV, astronaught, crate of fruit (upside down) all seen on tv.

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Robert Rauschenburg, Coco-cola plan.

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1. Eagle wings on the side. 2. Victory of Coke in America. its also suppose to look like the goddess of victory.

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Andy Warhol, 25 Marilyns diptych

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He loved film, was amateur film maker as well as art. There is actually 50 Marilyns. Usually diptychs represent Saints. "Woman that people worshiped." One side is colored for her life, other is to show she is fading and dying out.

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Warhol, Gold Marilyn

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She is surrounded by cheap gold paint. She is an icon, he represents her as a religious icon.

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Warhol, Turquoise Marilyn

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She was made to suit the culture of celebrity. Died her hair, half closed eyes, Half open mouth. His paintings are named after their backgrounds.

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Warhol, Jackie: The week that was

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All representations of her when JFK were killed that week.

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Warhol, Orange disaster

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Found picture of car accident. Took from newspaper and silkscreened them.

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Andy Warhol, Illustration for a shoe by I. Miller

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Created art specifically for clients in commercial art. (Graphic Design) Most pop artists did this.

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Andy Warhol, Storm Door

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Polymer paint on a canvas (based on an advertisement.

1950-60 time of great economic wealth.

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Andy Warhol, Campbells, Brillo, Kelloggs, silk screen on wooden boxes

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Was fixated on certain kinds of products. Campbells, Brillo, Kelloggs.

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Andy Warhol, 32 (200) soup cans

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Each had their own canvases. HIs one man show is 1962 LA shows each canvas on a shelf. These are artwork, but also mimicing mass produced can of art. People were very upset, he couldn't sell them, They were 300 each but a man came along and gave him $1000, Sells to museum of modern art for 15 million.

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Andy Warhol, Green Coca-cola Bottles

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65 Mill individual servings of coke a day back then.

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Pablo Picasso, Bottle of Bass, glass.

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Cubist

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Ed Ruscha, Flash, LA Times. (oil painting)

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Newspapers tell us important news and now tell us abut celebrities. Lifts a comic page, paints it in oil in a huge format. Pop is becoming less flashy.

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Tom Wesselman, still life 24

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Had done commercial art before this. Photocopied products and pasted them to the paintings. Makes them with the lack of hand made.

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Oldenburg, Pie A la mode

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things from his store. All american. Capitalize on what is american back then.

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Roy Lichtenstein, pistol

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Violence was an issue back then, pistol pointing at you made you feel like a target.

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Ed Paschke, Purple Ritual

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its lee harvy oswald (jfk assinator) even though it looks like he's being praised, he's not.

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Andy Warhol, Race Riot

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Red blue white as american flag, not neg or pos this is what is happening in america right.

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Robert Indiana, Alabama

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Selma was the butt of Alabama because of the race riots. it is the butt of the US since most race riots were happening in Selma Alabama.

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Allan d' Archangelo, US 80: In memory of Mrs. [Viloa] Liuzzo

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She was driving and brought people back from the conference, and the blood is her blood. The kkk shoots through the her and the sign. The sign represents her tombstone. Blue represents that it was going on at twilight.

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Roy Lichtenstein, Haystack [after monet]

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Used the Benday dots from comic books. drew the classical theme that monet used.

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Warhol, Mona Lisa

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He was saying is the original better than reproductions of it? statement about the value of original art. CMYK

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Andy Warhol, Do-it-yourself

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He wanted you to look at it and want to fill in the blanks. statement on how now days anyone can be an artist, the skill level isnt the same.