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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Michelangelo, David, 1501-04
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-in contrast to Donatello's David, 1450
-Michelangelo's David is set before David fights Goliath -shows and focuses on his potential -Deliberately shows David not as a boy as he was but in his ideal state, in his peak potential Things he has changed from classical themes 1. Michelangelo is showing David not over muscular but in a condition that allows him to do all activities well -he has tightened all the muscles in Davids body( in classical sculptures the figure stands at rest) this shows Davids potential and readiness 2. David beat Goliath with his mind, wit, and skill. -Ancient Greek sculptures did not depict worries with emotion. -David is scowling to show him gathering his mental ability -He gave David huge hands to show his skill and potential. -The statue is a medifor for human potential |
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Michelangelo, The Sistine Chapel Ceiling, 1508-12
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-Called for by the pope
-The center concept is the creation story and broken up in scenes: 1. separation of dark and light 2.creation of the planets 3. separation of earth and water 4. creation of Adam. -Adam is on the earth where he came from -God is giving Adam the spark of life -Adam is in mirror image to God to show he was made in His image -The rest of the ceiling is about how we failed to live up to His expectations. 5. the creation of Eve -there is a psychological change (things are gloomy and God is no longer dynamic) 6. the expulsion of Adam and Eve from Eden 7. Story of Noah 8. Failure of Noah after the flood -This piece uses a total biblical story to hint that we should try to perfect ourselves |
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Leonardo, Mona Lisa, 1503
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-most famous work of art in the western world
-revolutionary for innovating portraits -it was psychologically interesting -the Mona Lisa adds psychological depth -tells not just what she looked like but who she was -3/4 profile pose (halfway between frontal and profile) -He put her head and shoulders on two separate plans -people don't sit like this. Its as if you just walked into the room and she has looked to acknowledge your presents (engages the audience) -her smile -He did studies on the face and made a full face smile (not just a "corner of the mouth up smile") -her hands -show relaxedness and grace (says something about her personality) -her eyes are equal to the horizon line (makes it look as if she is at the same level as us) -He did not like lushes full backdrops -put her in a strange unnatural setting (very ere and uneasy) -He focused on character and personality |
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Leonardo, the Last Supper, 1500
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-Tried to meld oil and fresco painting
-failed and the piece has greatly fallen apart -shows Jesus establishing the Eucharist -Shows Jesus telling the disciples one of them will betray him -shows each disciples reaction to this Thomas- threatening (he will fight for him) James- stunned Philip- doubting himself Peter- holding a knife (he is the only one who tries to help save him) John- shows him sleeping on Christs chest (innocents) Judas- holing money to the side He uses numerology (the idea numbers have significance and value both morally and spiritually) -he focuses on the numbers 4 and 3 -4 groups of disciples in groups of 3 -3 pillars on the walls -3 windows -3 is the trinity, 4 for the apostles, 3+4=7 |
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Raphael, The School of Athens
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-inside the Vatican (specifically the Stanza della Segnature, inside the popes library where he signs papers)
-shows not Christian thinkers but pagan thinkers (Ancient Greek or Roman) -gathers all the great thinkers of ancient times (Socrates, Plato, Alexander the Great) -The theme of the piece is multiple methods to the same truth -The people in the middle are: on the left Plato and on the right Aristotle -Shows heaven and earth -Plato thought there was nothing important about this world and focused on the after life -Aristotle thought the opposite- we must study this world around us to gain knowledge -the piece literally embodies the Renaissance -he didn't know what the people looked like so he used portraits of people in his own time -the guy in the front with the boots is Michelangelo -Plato is Leonardo *note that they had much different views on life |
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Botticelli, The Birth of Venus, 1480
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-Imitates the style and ideas of ancient Greek and Roman times ( the statue of Helen specifically)
-she is being covered |
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Michelangelo, The Last Judgment, 1536-41
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-Christ is in the middle, big and muscular rather than meek
-Christ is unforgiving -left side shows angels saving the pure -the right side shows devils taking sinners (angels are also throwing people into hell and beating them down) -earth and hell are on the same levels -there is nothing humanistic about this painting -the painting was re painter and clothes were added after his death -the pope adviser said the painting was fit for a hore house -Michelangelo is shown skinned being saved on the side of the sinners |
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Bernini, David, 1623
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-dynamic emotional tone
-diagonal -open composition -David in this piece is at the most exiting dynamic part in his story, he is in the process of throwing the stone -he has a deep scowl -Davids knees, hips, and shoulders are all set on dynamic diagonal lines (not balanced like in Michelangelo's -Bernini's David is spilling out of its "space" -The David is actually beyond the pedestal -Looks as if he's fighting Goliath -Takes the piece beyond the pedestal and spills over into our world |
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Bernini, Ecstasy of Saint Teresa, 1645-52
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-He didn't just make the sculpture but he designed the entire space (multi-media work, has sculpture and painting and architecture)
-He uses multicolored marble (Renaissance used just plain white marble) -The ceiling is meant to look like the roof was blown off -spilling over and past the borders to bring it to life -he borrows a reference from opera -the donating family is seen in the side boxes in the "nice seats" -we're supposed to look like we're in the cheap seats -golden rods in the center to look like raise of light (hidden window behind the piece so actual light will shine in and make the rods "glow" -makes the sculpture look like its floating be painting the pedestal the same color as the background -the sculpture is of a nun who had a dream about an angel who gave her an orgasm. -the angles spear is pointing between her legs -Orgasms were used often to explain what its going to be like in Heaven (described as "the little death") |
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Albert Cuyp, The Maas at Dordrecht, 1660
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-the harber has too many ships in it
-symbolizes wealth and trade -every ship has the Dutch Flag on the mass -national pride -Can see a church in the background -Orange flag represents the royal family |
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Steen, The World Upside-Down, 1663
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-Mother and daughter are way over dressed
-children have gotten into the wall safe -daughters legs entwined with the mans hints at sexuality -she's double fisting -the couple in the back is dressed modestly to show how you should dress -they are arguing over the Bible rather than helping those around them be good -Paintings like this were meant to say "i could live like this but i choose not to" |
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Rachel Ruysch, Flower Still-Life, after 1700
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-Flowers are both a sign of sexual pleasure and of wealth
-Almost all flower still-lifes show flowers past their peak (wilting, curling, dying) -often little bugs and insects to remind us of the gross nature of life and this world -The bee can be positive also ("busy like a bee") -Caterpillars and butterflies can also represent death and resurrection -Shells (clams) show trade -the flowers are often ones that don't all bloom at the same time (shows wealth, travel, the flowers are exotic) -the fact that the flowers are dying shows that wealth is fleeting |
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Rembrandt, The Return of the Prodigal Son, 1665
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-Rather than being loud classic Baroque this painting is quiet
-very intimate and emotional -shows that regret and forgiveness should not be a big public display but should be an inner felt emotion -older son is on the side (he does not forgive his brother) -people in the back are watching like us -one is looking right at us as if to ask "do you see/understand" -Rembrandt is famous for a glow of light that seems to come from within his characters |
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The High Renaissance
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-this name came from the belief that civilizations go through cycles of birth, climax, decline, and rebirth
-Also this period was very optimistic about the ability of humankind to perfect themselves and their world |
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idealization
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-thedepiction of things perfected; as they should be, not as they are
-needs to be naturalistic |
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classicism
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-the imitation of Ancient Greek and Roman subjects, styles, and ideas
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humanism
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-the belief in the potential of humand kind to perfect themselves and their world (physically, mentally, and emotionally)
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realism
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-the artistic style of showing humanity and the world as bad and ugly as it is (it foccusses on the inperfections)
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Savonarola
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-Dominican friar who preached in Florence against what he saw as the paganism (Classicism), worldliness (naturalism), and human-centeredness (humanism) of the new art and literature, and demanded that artists and their patrons to burn such works in a huge Bonfire of the Vanities in 1497
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Protestant Reformation
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massive, Europe-wide religious upheaval against the Christianity. This movement is commonly tributed to the drastic change in style during the Late Renaissance.
-It was a religious back lash against the ideas of the Renaissance |
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Late Renaissance
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Art changed during this time:
-strange body propertions (not naturalistic or ideal) -artist stoped looking at nature but at other artist to learn how things worked -no use of space -Why does this loss in confidence in the potential of this world and mankind happen? -Religious unrest (Protestant Reformation) and angsiety -This causes economic, social, cultural, and religious unrest and upheaval |
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Martin Luther
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-With his Ninety-five Theses of 1517, attempted to reform the Catholic church of corruption (including the selling of ‘indulgences’ and the saying of masses for the dead, for example, both of which Luther saw as ways of making money rather than saving souls). When the Catholic church rejected Luther's reforms, he and other reformers started their own Protestant churches (Lutheranism, Calvinism, Anglicanism, and so on)
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Counter-Reformation
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- Excommunication of Luther (1521)
-The council of Trent (1545-1563) -Index of Banned Books (1557-) -the Inquisition -The rejection of "lascivious", and/or "confused" art -the Baroque style is a response to this |
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The Italian Baroque
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-Renaissance art appeals to reason where Baroque art appeals to emotion
-Renaissance art has a static and balanced planar recession into space where Baroque art tends toward a more dynamic and dramatic diagonal recession -Renaissance art has closed compositions where Baroque art tends to have open compositions -Renaissance art has even lighting (floodlight) where Baroque art tends to have dramatic lighting (spotlight) |
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planar recession
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-things in a painting recede in a straight, balanced manner
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diagonal recession
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-things in a painting recede in a diagonal often unbalanced manner
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closed composition
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-keeps you out of the work
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open composition
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-tries to make it look like the painting is trying to spill out into your space or pull you into its space
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'pomp and splender'
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-multimedia
-rich textures and colors -idealization -tries to overwelm you with emotion and splender |
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'humble realist'
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-realism
-tenebrism -foreshortening -tries to appeal to ordinary people by showing realistic, usually lower-class people in much simpler and more somber settings |
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tenebrism
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-leaves out the middle colors and only uses the extrems of light and dark (like a raking spot light)
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foreshortening
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-drawing things (such as arms and legs) as if they are coming out of the painting rather than parillel to it
-opens up the composition (Caravaggio is the master of this) |
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The Dutch Baroque
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-context:
-spread of Calvinsim, 1536-1600s (religious) -liberation from Spain, 1581 (political) -economic 'Golden Age' (economic) |
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five 'genres of art'
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-history-painting
-portraiture -still-life -scenes of everyday life -landscape -responce to iconoclasm (landscape paintings were often hung to show wealth, genre and still-life scenes were ment to show moral values without direct religious imagery) |
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iconoclasm
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-banning or religious images therefore-no biblical 'history paintings'- most important genre of art
therefore-artist had to turn to the minor genres |
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Calvinism
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-saw paintings of religious figures as idolatry, which is forbidden by the ‘no graven images’ clause of the Ten Commandments
-fueled the idea of iconoclasm |
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vanitas symbol
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-symbols ment to show that life is fleeting and that this image is immoral (askes "if you died in that scene right know would you go to heaven?")
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