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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Speech sound disorder |
the most widely used term to describe reduced intelligibility due to a combination of speech-motor and phonological factors |
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articulation approach |
approach that looks at the children's acquisition of individual phoneme and emphasizes speech-motor control |
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phonological approach |
approach that studies children's acquisition of sound patterns and the process underlying such patterns |
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phonology |
focuses on the underlying knowledge of the rules of the sound system of a language |
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natural class/ process/ property/ rule |
one that is preferred or frequently used in phonologic systems |
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unmarked sounds |
those that appear to be natural and are easier to acquire |
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marked sounds |
sounds that are less natural and tend to be acquired later |
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phoneme |
a class of speech sounds; an abstract name give to variations of a speech sound |
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phonemes |
often described as the smallest unit of sound that can affect meaning |
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allophones |
small differences of variations in sounds (/c/ sounding different in different words) |
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phonetic |
refers to concrete productions of specific sounds |
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46 speech sounds |
no. of speech sounds the English language has |
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distinctive features paradigm |
vowels may be described according to what |
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place-voice-manner paradigm |
consonants may be described according to what |
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behavioral theory |
behavioral explanation of speech sound acquisition based on condiitioning and learning focused on describing observable and overt behaviors |
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natural phonology theory |
developed by stampe; proposes that natural phonological processes are innate processes that simplify the adult form |
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output constraints |
according to the natural phonology theory this leads to the use of phonological processes that simplifies the adult sounds |
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generative phonology theory |
theory of the sound structure of human languages; based on 2 premises applied to the understanding of speech acquisition since it enables description of the relationship of children's productions to adult pronunciation in terms of phonological rules |
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phonological descriptions |
based on the generative phonology theory, these are dependent on information from other linguistic levels |
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phonological rules |
according to the generative phonology theory, these map underlying representations onto surface pronunciations |
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linear generative phonology theories |
foundational goals of this theory are 1 describe phonological patterns that occur in natural language 2 create rules that account for these systems 3 identify universal principles that apply to various phonological systems |
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linear generative theories |
based on the premis that all speech segments are arranged in a sequential order and all distinctive features are equal |
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linear generative theory |
increasingly viewed as inadequate to account for the effects of stress and prosodic variables |
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nonlinear phonology |
developed as an alternative to account for the influence of stress and tone features in levels of representations independent of segmental or linear representations |
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nonlinear phonological theories |
theories that assume that there is some sort of hierarchy that helps organize both segmental and suprasegmental phonological units or properties |
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optimality theory |
was originally used to describe adult languages and its basic uits are constraints |
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marked constraints |
under optimality theory; these denote limitations on output or what can be produced; includes sounds that are difficult to produce |
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faithfulness constraints |
under optimality theory; these capture the features that are to be preserved, prohibiting deletion and addition that violate the ambient language |
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optimality theory |
according to this theory, the aim during children's speech development is for the child's output to match the adult target occurs through demoting markedness constraints and promoting faithfulness constraints |
