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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Phineas Gage conclusion |
Specific areas of the brain have specific functions |
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Phineas Gage |
Was well-mannered, polite and hard-working->Pole damaged pre-orbital cortex and pre-frontal cortex->became impulsive, vulgar brash and often made ineffective plans |
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Areas of the brain(6) |
Brocas area Wernicks area Motor cortex Somatosensory cortex Auditory centre Visual centre |
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Brocas area |
Speech production |
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Wernicks area |
Speech comprehension |
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Lobes |
Frontal lobe Temporal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe |
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Frontal lobe |
Brocas area, Motor cortex |
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Temporal lobe |
Auditory centres, Wernicks area |
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Parietal lobe |
Somatosensory cortex |
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Occipital lobe |
Visual centre |
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Left side |
Language centres: Wernicks area Brocas area |
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Right side |
Visual spatial processing |
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Aphasia |
The brain suffers damage to a certain part that causes a change in behaviour |
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Types of aphasia |
Brocas aphasia Wernicks aphasia Global aphasia |
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Evaluation |
(+)Broca->Patient could only say "Tan" due to Brocas aphasia->Localisation of function (-)->Case study->Low generalisability (-)Holistic approach (-)Lashley-Quantity of brain removed affected rat's ability to navigate maze, not the area removed (-)->Rat brains differ to human brains |
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Corpus Collosum |
The part that conjoins the left and right hemisphere |
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Contralateral |
Each side of the brain controls the opposite side of the body |
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Hemisphere functions |
Left hemisphere=language Right hemisphere=facial recognition |
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Info presented to the right visual field |
Info presented to the right visual field/left hemisphere can be visually described |
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Info presented to the left visual field |
Info presented to the left visual field/right hemisphere cannot be verbally described, but can be picked up |
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Split brain patient |
A patient with their corpus collosum cut, usually due to epilepsy |
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Sperry(1968) |
A series of tests were done on split brain patients where they were presented information to both visual fields to determine which wide would verbalise it |
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Sperry(1968) conclusion |
Info presented to the right visual field could not be expressed, therefore the left side controls language and the right side controls facial recognition |
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Gazaniga(1983) |
Found that the right hemisphere was more effective at facial recognition than the left hemisphere, insinuating it was specialised for facial recognition |
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Gazaniga(1983) |
Found that the right hemisphere was more effective at facial recognition than the left hemisphere, insinuating it was specialised for facial recognition |
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Split brain evaluation |
(+)Scientific methods used to gather data such as scans->high validity (-)Artificial environment->less mundane realism->less generalisable (-)Split brain patients are rare and each case is unique, so results may not be applicable to the general population (-)Brain surgery+meds may have affected their brain->Low pop validity |
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Plasticity |
The brain's ability to change depending on the environment |
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Functional recovery |
The brain's ability to recover functions after suffering damage |
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Boyke et al |
Taught 60 y/os juggling, and managed to increase the grey matter in the visual cortex and then have it go back after they stopped practising |
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How does plasticity occur? |
New experiences occur causing the creation of new neural pathways, whereas unused neurons die allowing the brain to adapt |
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Axonal sprouting |
New neurons connect with undamaged ones to form new pathways |
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Denervation supersensitivity |
Axon death causes neighbouring axons to become more sensitive to make up for lost axons |
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Maguire et al(2000) |
16 male London taxi drivers had MRI scans, and it was found their hippocampus was much larger insinuating this was used for spatial and navigational skills |
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Danelli et al |
2 year old had their left hemisphere removed to get rid of tumor, removing the language centres causing immediate aphasia. After 2 years he recovered his language, as the right side had replicated the left side. |
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Maguire et al evaluation |
(+)Real taxi drivers->+Eco validity (+)MRI->Scientific credibility (-)Limited sample (-)Taxi could've caused changes in the brain->-Cause and effect |
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Daneli et al evaluation |
(+)Eco validity->Real life application for surgery (-)Limited sample->Case study |
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Spatial resolution |
Level of accuracy in identifying the exact locations of a brain structure or brain activity in space |
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Temporal resolution |
Level of accuracy in identifying the exact location of brain activity in time |
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EEGs |
Electrodes are put on the scalp through a cap and detect neuronal activity below where they're placed, and different amounts of electrodes are used depending on the focus of the research |
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fMRI |
Uses magnetic field and radiowaves to monitor blood flow and measures a change in energy released by haemoglobin, reflecting activity as the more oxygen an area needs the higher the activity |
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ERPs |
Electrodes are placed on the scalp and deteflcg neuronal activity in response to stimulus introduced by the researcher |
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Post mortem examinations |
Brain is examined after death to try to correlate structural phenomenal, and damage to behaviour |
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Types of brain waves |
Beta Alpha Theta Delta |
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Beta |
Arousal |
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Alpha |
Non-arousal |
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Theta |
Light sleep |
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Delta |
Deep sleep |
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Considerations for studying the brain |
1.Invasive or non-invasive 2.Temporal resolution 3.Spatial resolution 4.Causation 5.Sample size/cost |
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Non-invasive + |
Participants are more likely to consent to a non-invasive study |
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Temporal resolution + |
Valid understanding of the brain->Better treatments |
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Spatial Resolution + |
Valid understanding of the brain-> Better accuracy of treatment |
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Causation + |
Find cause and effect-> better understanding |
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Sample size/cost + |
Level of generalisability |
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EEG/ERP evaluation |
(+)Good sample size+low cost (+)Establishes cause and effect-> Stimuli (-)Poor spatial resolution |
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Post mortem evaluation |
(-)Can't establish cause and effect->Last time I checked dead people can't think although that'd be pretty creepy->zombies |
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fMRI |
(+)Good spatial recognition |
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Biological rhythm |
A cyclic change in bodily functions that all living organisms have |
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Circadian rhythm |
1 per 24 hours |
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Infradian rhythm |
Longer than 24 hours |
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Ultradian rhythm |
Shorter than 24 hours |
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Example of each rhythm |
Circadian-Sleep/wake cycle Infradian-Menstrual cycle Ultradian-Stages of sleep |
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Endogenous pace maker |
Biological clock->Maintains rhythms |
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Exogenous zeitgeiter |
Environmental changes->Something external that triggers rhythms |
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Siffre |
Looked at what would happen if natural light was not present as a exogenous zeitgeter->Assumed it would increase the endogenous pacemaker to 25hours |
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Siffre conclusion |
Endogenous pace maker increased to 25 hours |
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Superchiasmatic nucleus |
Central pacemaker of the circadian system |
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Ralph |
Transplanted tau SCN to regular SCN hamsters |
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Ralph conclusion |
Circadian rhythm decreased to 20 hours->SCN=EP->EZs just aid the rhythm |
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Siffre evaluation |
(+)Longitudinal study->Produced a lot of data (-)Low internal validity->Artificial light and social cues produced an EZ->invalidates results-> Caveman=dumb (-)Case study->Hard to generalise to the general population |
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Ralph evaluation |
(+)Circadian rhythm decreased to 20 hours after Tau SCN was transferred to normal hamster->Neural explanation has high internal validity (-)Done on animals->Human SCNs are not the same as hampters->Low generalisability |
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Ralph practical applications |
Cures jetlag->Exposure to EZs Shift work->Mistakes and accidents happen in work + EP is affected->Aids health and the work itself |
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Menstrual cycle(Part 1) |
1.Hormone levels are normal 2.Pituitary gland releases FSH, preparing to release an egg in the fallopian tube 3.Oestrogen releases and the uterine wall lining thickens preparing an egg to attach |
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Menstrual cycle(Part 2)
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4.Oestrogen levels increase and LH is released->Ovulation->2 day span of pregnancy chance 5.Progestorene levels increase->Behavioural + physical changes 6.No sperm to fertilise by time of egg reaching tubes->estrogen levels decrease->womb lining breaks down->period |
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Mcclintock and Stern(1998) aim |
Wanted to investigate whether menstrual cycles can be affected by female pheromones. Sample consisted of women with irregular periods who would place a cotton pad under their arm pit and get their sweat on it. This pad would be treated with alcohol and frozen |
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McClintock and Stern(1998) Conclusion |
68% of women experienced changes of their cycle to come closer to the odour donor, suggesting the menstrual cycle can be altered by communication with pheromones |
