Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
229 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Building Placement is affected by... |
Drainage Utility Placement Automobile Circulation Pedestrian Circulation Service Access Parking Landscaping |
|
|
Runoff |
Excess Storm water exiting a site entering a swm device |
|
|
Positive drainage |
Water flows away from site features and buildings to reduce unwanted water accumulation |
|
|
Drainage Systems |
Underground Aboveground |
|
|
Aboveground Drainage systems |
Across pervious paving Across impervious paving Gutters Swales and Channels |
|
|
Sheet flow |
When water drains across a sloped impervious or pervious surface |
|
|
Minimum Slopes for Positive Drainage |
.5% |
|
|
Storm drains collect water from |
Down spouts Drain inlets Catch basins Drain tiles |
|
|
Catch basin |
An underground reservoir with a sump |
|
|
Storm sewers must have... |
Manholes places min 500ft apart or at changes in direction |
|
|
Storm sewers and sanitary sewers must be |
Separate systems |
|
|
Runoff coefficient |
Area to be drained, the fraction of unabsorbed water, and worst case storm water to be drained |
|
|
N year storm |
The probability that a storm of a specific magnitude will occur |
|
|
A 100 year storm has a ___% likelihood of occurring |
1% |
|
|
Sewer Drainage from a house must... |
Slope at least 1/8"/ft and must have adequate slope to connect to the municipalities sewer. |
|
|
Holding ponds help site drainage... |
By allowing access water to absorb naturally into the ground |
|
|
Utilities to be coordinated... |
Electric Sewers Water Data/Phone Gas |
|
|
Plan for ___ utilities first. |
Sewer |
|
|
Larger Sewer pipes need more/less slope |
Less |
|
|
____ the distance between the utility distribution area and the site |
Minimize |
|
|
Storm and Sanitary Sewers are dependent on |
Gravity |
|
|
Road with Gutters on contour map |
|
|
Entry drives should be as far from... |
Intersections as possible |
|
|
Pedestrian cross slopes should be Max... |
1:20 |
|
|
Pedestrian ramp slopes should be Max... |
1:12 |
|
|
Pedestrian surface drainage slope... |
1/4"/ft |
|
|
Separate Service Access and |
Vehicle circulation |
|
|
Easy Calculation for Parking |
Area/400sqft |
|
|
Landscaping can... |
Increase Aesthetics Help conserve energy Moderate noise Block views Frame views Provide shade Block wind Create privacy Retard erosion |
|
|
Wind reduction with tree placement |
30-40% within 5xs the height of the trees |
|
|
Slope Across a parking lot |
|
|
|
Alternative Energy Sources |
Solar Wind Geothermal Photovoltaics |
|
|
Daylighting |
Design based on accentuating the positive and reducing the negative affects of the position of the sun on a building |
|
|
Seasonal Sun position in the northern hemisphere |
Higher in summer Lower on winter |
|
|
Earth is angled at |
23.5 degrees |
|
|
Sun Azimuth |
The angular position of the sun from due South (or North depending who you ask) |
|
|
Sun Altitude |
The angular position of the sun from the ground (sunrise is 0, noon is dependent on time if year and latitude) |
|
|
Sun chart |
|
|
|
Sun Path Projections |
|
|
|
Shadow Masks are used for |
Preliminary design of shading on a site |
|
|
Passive Solar Design Techniques |
Direct Gain Systems (Sun enters and is dealt with) Indirect Gain Systems (Sun is intercepted and stored) Thermal Storage Walls Greenhouse Design Roof Pond Convective Loop |
|
|
Trombe Walls are used to |
Indirectly absorb heat to be redistributed into the space |
|
|
Low Emissivity Glazing is used to |
Reduce the solar heat gain of direct sunlight through a window |
|
|
Active Solar Design Systems used for |
Water heating Space heating Space cooling Electric generation |
|
|
Three Component of a Active Solar Energy System |
Collector Storage Device Distribution System |
|
|
Active Solar "collectors" |
A flat plate Or A focusing collector which focuses incoming radiation to a single pipe |
|
|
Closed loop solar system |
Water is heated by a transfer medium like antifreeze |
|
|
Open Loop Solar System |
Water directly heated by collector |
|
|
Wind power |
Reduces fossil fuel burning but is hard to introduce on most sites |
|
|
Geothermal Energy |
Uses the earths stable heat to heat or cool water |
|
|
Ground Source Heat Pumps |
Extract heat from ground in winter Gives off excess heat in summer |
|
|
Geothermal energy is best utilized in |
Single family residential Multi family residential Schools |
|
|
Photovoltaics cell types |
Crystalline Polycrystalline Thin film |
|
|
Crystalline PV cells... |
Most commonly used |
|
|
Thin film PVs... |
Can be combined into other building materials |
|
|
Ideal Building orientation on a site |
About widest face 15 degrees East from South |
|
|
Ideal Building Shape |
Temperate = Rectangular Cold = Cube |
|
|
External Load Dominated Building |
Most energy gained or lost through building envelope Ie homes and warehouses |
|
|
Internal Load Dominated Building |
Most energy gained through actors inside the building Ie offices schools factories etc |
|
|
Infiltration and Exfiltration are types of... |
Air leakage |
|
|
The stack effect |
Difference in pressure between the top and bottom of a building |
|
|
Why are Infiltration and Exfiltration undesirable? |
It adds to the HVAC load Conditioned air is lost Pollutants enter Water vapor enters |
|
|
Air Barriers control... |
Infiltration and exfiltration |
|
|
Vapor Impermeable Barriers are both... |
Air and vapor barriers |
|
|
Permeance |
Measures the amount of water that passes through a material
Measured in perms |
|
|
1 perm = |
1 g/hr-sqft-in Hg |
|
|
Air Barriers that are vapor barriers have a measurement of ____ perms |
5+ |
|
|
Effective Air barriers are... |
Continuous around conditioned spaces Adhere to code requirements for minimum permanence Secured to the structure Able to move at joints Able to last the life of the structure Installed correctly if separate vapor barrier is used |
|
|
If air barrier and vapor barrier are both used... |
Air barrier must be permeable to water diffusion Air barrier must be 10 to 30 times more permeable Installation adheres to local climate need |
|
|
Where to install the air/vapor barrier? |
Outside the sheathing, under the cladding |
|
|
Earth Sheltering is... |
The process of partially burying a structure in Earth |
|
|
The types of Earth sheltering |
Above grade with berms in sides In a hill side Completely below grade with Central courtyard |
|
|
Earth sheltering concerns |
Minimizing Earth moving Granular soil Radon testing Groundwater below building Adequate waterproofing Adequate insulation Adequate ventilation and humidity control |
|
|
Green roofs types |
Extensive - < 6" of soil Intensive - > 12" of soil |
|
|
Benefits of Green Roofs |
Reduce HVAC loads Reduce runoff Absorb CO2 Reduce heat island effect Filter dust UV and water protection Adds acoustical insulation Increased aesthetics |
|
|
Installing a green roof requires... |
A robust structure designed to hold the roof up A roofing membrane Rigid insulation Ample slope to the roof A drainage layer A filter fabric The growth medium |
|
|
Flood test for water tightness |
Area is flooded with 2" of water for 48 hours then interior is checked for leaks |
|
|
Electric Field Vector Mapping test for water tightness |
EFVM Water added to soil, deck is grounded then a electrical is introduced Where leaks occur electricity will flow from the soil to the decking Potentiometer with probes detects current |
|
|
Cool roofs are |
Light colored Highly reflective Reflectivity of . 65 new and .5 after 3 years |
|
|
Highly reflective roofs reduce... |
Heat island effect |
|
|
A vestibule is a type of... |
Air lock system |
|
|
Heat transfer and glazing |
By convection - attracts then cools warm air By radiation - UV rays |
|
|
Solar heat gain coefficient |
SHGC A fraction of the transmitted to total solar radiation striking a surface 0 is no transmittance 1 is all transmittance |
|
|
Making glazing more insulated requires |
Separation of glazing into multiple panes Introducing vacuum between panes Introducing inert gas between panes Tinting or applying reflective film |
|
|
Tinted and reflective glass disadvantages |
They reduce the visible light spectrum They reduce solar heat gain Can negatively affect daylighting |
|
|
Low E Glazing |
Has a low emissivity for heat exiting the glazing
Dual panes with film and inter gas between panes
Film allows visible and near IR radiation to enter; blocks heat loss |
|
|
Spectrally Selective Glass |
Allows visible radiation to enter and blocks 80% of infrared heat Good for areas with long cooling seasons |
|
|
Switchable/Chromogenic Glazing |
Like transitions lenses Electrochromic Photochromic Thermochromic Transition-metal hydride electrochromics |
|
|
Double Envelope System |
Two glazing layers separated by 2-3 feet |
|
|
Benefits of a double envelope system |
Heat gain controlled in cavity not occupied space Reduced cooling loads Greater sun control Better daylighting Lower operating costs |
|
|
Daylighting reduces the need for |
Artificial lighting during periods of sunshine |
|
|
Effective Daylighting needs... |
Enough view of the sky Glazing that transmits light Coordinated with artificial lighting and HVAC system |
|
|
Daylighting factor (DF) |
Ratio of illuminance on a horizontal surface inside a space to the illuminance on a horizontal surface outside a space |
|
|
Ideal daylighting factors (DF) |
1.5 for normal tasks 4.0 for tasks with high visual acuity < 5.0 to control glare and heat gain |
|
|
Light shelves and daylighting |
|
|
|
Effective Glazing Apertures (EA) |
Product of Visible Light Transmittance (VLT) and Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR) Between 2.0 and 3.0 for good daylighting |
|
|
Top Lighting |
Use of skylights, sawtooth roof, light pipes, sloped glazing Works best in single story, stepped, or atriumed buildings |
|
|
Light pipes |
|
|
|
Effective Site Noise Control |
Sound Barriers Maximize Distance from Noise Source Avoid Hard Surfaces near the Noise Source Avoid parallel hard surfaces Plant evergreens and shrub barrier Control noise sources in or near the building Use masking sounds Design features to block noise |
|
|
Sound Barrier Types |
Concrete or Wood Wall Earth Berm |
|
|
The effective height of a sound barrier |
Is more important than just the height of the barrier |
|
|
Place the noise barrier _____ the noise source or the receiver |
Near |
|
|
If placing the barrier near the noise source... |
It should be 4 times as high as the distance from the source to the barrier |
|
|
Increase Site Security by protecting the |
Perimeter Access and parking On site security Building envelope |
|
|
Standoff distance |
Space between the building and vehicular accessways or parking |
|
|
Sustainability and Site Development |
Reuse sites Minimize disturbance to site Locate near community services |
|
|
Don't build on |
Prime farmland In floodplains Within 100ft of wetlands Habitats for protected species Previous public park land |
|
|
Sustainable water use includes |
Runoff control Erosion Prevention Rainwater or gray water use Water conservation |
|
|
Methods of erosion and sediment control |
Silt fence Sediment trap or basin Vegetated buffer strips Hay bales |
|
|
Pervious paving |
Can withstand vehicle traffic but will allow water to pass through |
|
|
Rainwater Availability Calculation |
Catchment area x Average yearly rainfall x . 75 (evaporation factors) x .6gal/sf 1" of rain = .6 gallons/sf |
|
|
Graywater systems can be used |
To flush toilets Irrigation Vehicle washing Janitorial cleaning Cooling |
|
|
Graywater systems are best used in |
New buildings where separate piping and storage can be created |
|
|
Watersense Certification for flush toilets |
For water use of < 1.6Gal per flush |
|
|
Life Cycle Assessment |
Evaluates the environmental impact of a single material |
|
|
Life Cycle Assessments satisfy the ____ category of the LEED rating system |
Materials and Resources |
|
|
Phases of a Life Cycle Assessment |
1. Goals and Scope 2. Inventory Analysis 3. Impact Assessment 4. Improvement Analysis and Study findings |
|
|
A product's Life Cycle includes |
- Raw Material Acquisition - Manufacturing - Use and Maintenance - Disposal |
|
|
Whole Building Life Cycle Assessment |
Comparison of the building as typically designed and built vs how it is intended to be designed and built |
|
|
Six Categories for acquiring whole building life cycle assessments |
Global warming Ozone Layer Depletion Acidification Eutrophication Formation of Ground Level Ozone Depletion of Non-Renewable Resources |
|
|
Acidification |
Generation of waste that lowers pH this making soil and waterways more acidic |
|
|
Eutrophication |
Excessive nutrients resulting in algae blooms thus lowering oxygen production and killing aquatic life |
|
|
Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) |
Report of a products environmental impact of a product throughout it's life |
|
|
More sustainability credits are derived from |
Product specific EPDs than industry wide |
|
|
EPDs are developed by |
manufacturers |
|
|
Five step process for developing an EPD (Environmental Product Declaration) |
1. Product Category Rule (PCR) is found or developed 2. Mfr verifies Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 3. EPD prepared 4. EPD reviewed by third party 5. Approved EPDs are registered and published |
|
|
Evaluating Materials for Sustainability |
Embodied Energy Renewable Materials Recycled Content Energy Efficiency Local materials Durability Low VOCs Low Toxicity Prevents Mold or Moisture problems Water Conservation Maintainability Reusable or Recyclable |
|
|
Materials and Sustainability |
Concrete - Long life, stores heat CMU - local, produces no pollution Metals - recyclable Wood and Plastic - reclaimable, using wood based products, certified with sources |
|
|
FSC Certified |
Rating for forests that utilize proper forest management Forest Stewardship Council |
|
|
Sustainable Insulation |
Cellulose (cut up newspaper) Compressed straw Cotton insulation (denim scraps) Fiberglass Mineral fiber insulation spray on cellulose Perlite Vermiculite |
|
|
Sustainable Flooring |
Carpet made from PET Vinyl flooring Rubber flooring Linoleum - natural, durable, and renewable Cork Flooring - renewable but porous Wood - salvaged, laminated, prefinished Bamboo Ceramic Tile - Durable easy to maintain |
|
|
Fire Resistance vs Combustibility |
Fire Resistance measures a material's ability to withstand the heat of a fire before failure Combustibility is the surface burning characteristics of a material |
|
|
Fire Partitions |
1 hour rated wall assembly |
|
|
Fire Partition uses |
Between dwelling units Between hotel rooms and institutional I-1 occupancies Between mall tenants In corridors Between elevator and lobby in I2 I3 and High rise |
|
|
Reduction of Fire rating on Fire Partitions |
If fully sprinklered in Type IIB, IIIB AND VB construction |
|
|
Fire Barrier |
Rated assembly used for exit passageways, mixed use assemblies, create fire areas for occupancy requirements. |
|
|
Fire barrier Construction |
Continuous from slab to floor or roof slab |
|
|
Combustibility and Interior Finishes |
Class A Least Combustible Class B Class C Most Combustible |
|
|
Occupancy Classification Affects |
Calculation calculation of occupant load Egress design Interior finish requirements The use of fire partitions and fire barriers Ventilation and sanitation requirements Other special restrictions |
|
|
Mixed Use Occupancy and Separation |
Each appropriate use should be separated by a fire barrier rated per code |
|
|
A1 Occupancy |
Assembly with Fixed Seats |
|
|
A2 Occupancy |
Restaurants Bars Clubs |
|
|
A3 Occupancy |
Libraries, Churches Art Museums with 50+ occ |
|
|
A4 Occupancy |
Arenas (Indoor Sport Viewing) |
|
|
A5 Occupancy |
Stadiums |
|
|
I-1 Occupancy |
> 16 ambulatory ppl on 24 hr basis |
|
|
I-2 Occupancy |
24 Hr medical care ie hospitals |
|
|
I-3 Occupancy |
Jails |
|
|
I-4 Occupancy |
Daycare |
|
|
R-1 Occupancy |
Hotels and motels |
|
|
R-2 Occupancy |
Multifamily residential |
|
|
R-3 Occupancy |
1 or 2 Residential units with attached uses ie bed and breakfast, in home childcare |
|
|
R-4 Occupancy |
Assisted Living with between 5 and 16 ppl |
|
|
Exceptions to Mixed Use Occupancies |
Storage areas less than 100sf take the occupancy of the main occupancy |
|
|
Accessory Occupancies |
Don't need fire separation Not more than 10% of the main occupancy |
|
|
Incidental Occupancies |
An ancillary occupancy with greater risk than the main Needs a fire barrier and/or sprinkler Not more than 10% of the floor |
|
|
Building Construction Types |
IA Most Restrictive, Non Combustible IB Non Combustible IIA Non Combustible IIB Non Combustible
thanks IIIA Combustible IIIB Combustible IVA Combustible IVB Combustible VA Combustible VB Least Restrictive Combustible |
|
|
Items Affected by Construction Type |
Allowable Area Building height |
|
|
Allowable Floor Area Equation for a one story single occupancy |
Aa=Allowable Area At=Allowable Area Factor NS=Non sprinklered Building factor (If)=Frontage increase |
|
|
Allowable Floor Area Equation for a multi story single occupancy |
Aa=Allowable AreaAt=Allowable Area FactorNS=Non sprinklered Building factor(If)=Frontage increase Sa=Number of Stories If sprinklered, Sa is 4 or less If not, Sa <3 |
|
|
Frontage increase |
Usable if at least one quarter of bldg perimeter is on a public r.o.w. or open space |
|
|
Qualifications for a eligible public space for frontage increase |
20 ft wide from front of building to: Interior Lot line Entire width of street Exterior face of adjacent building |
|
|
Increase Factor Calculation |
F=frontage P=perimeter W=width of public way (max 30) |
|
|
A one story building with a total area of 10,000 SF is divided into a 7,000 SF restaurant (A2 Occupancy) and a 3,000 SF office (B occupancy). The building is of type V-B construction and doesn't have a sprinkler system. the open space around the building gives it a 25% allowance for area increase. Does this building comply with IBC maximum area requirements? |
Top |
|
|
For Mixed Use Occupancies, calculate... |
The Allowable area for each occupancy. Calculate the sum of the ratios of the actual to the allowable areas. Single Story NS must be <1 Multi story NS must be <1 per floor and no more than 3 Multi story S must be <1 per floor and no more than 4 |
|
|
Changes in Occupancy may affect |
The allowable area and height of the new use. |
|
|
Fire Walls can be used to... |
Separate a building into multiple fire areas that can be considered as individual buildings |
|
|
Means of Egress Parts |
The Exit Access The Exit The Exit Discharge |
|
|
The exit access consists of |
The building areas leading up to an exit (All unprotected paths of travel) - rooms - hallways - ramps - doorways |
|
|
The exit consists of |
The protected path of travel between the exit access and the exit discharge (ie the front door on grade, a fire stair, a rated corridor) |
|
|
The exit discharge consists of |
The area between the exit and the public r.o.w. including exterior balconies, exterior stairs, sprinklered building lobbies with rated walls |
|
|
Occupant loads can be calculated based on... |
Fixed Seats Gross Area (including stairs corridors toilet rooms mechanical rooms closets and interior partition thickness) Net Area (only occupant area) |
|
|
What is the occupant load for a restaurant in dining room that is 2500 square feet in area? |
167 |
|
|
A building includes an office with a roast area of 3700 ft and 2 training classrooms of 1200 ft each. What is the occupant load for the entire building? |
157 |
|
|
Occupant Load For Unconcentrated Dining areas (with tables and chairs) |
15 net |
|
|
Occupant Load For Concentrated assembly areas (with chairs only) |
7 net |
|
|
Occupant Load For classrooms |
20 net |
|
|
Occupant Load For Kitchens |
200 gross |
|
|
Occupant Load For retail |
60 gross |
|
|
One Exit required |
< 50 A, E, M, B, F, U < 11 H4, H5, I, R < 30 S < 4 High Hazard |
|
|
Common Path of Travel |
The point from inside of a space to where a person has a choice of exits |
|
|
Exit Access Travel Distance |
The distance from a remote point of a building till reaching an exit |
|
|
Exit separation Calculation |
Sprinklered > third the diagonal Non Sprinklered > half the diagonal |
|
|
Exit Width calculation |
Multiplier - .03 per occ for exits with stairs NS - .02 per occ for all other exits NS - .2 per occ for exits with stairs S - .15 per occ for all other exits S |
|
|
Corridor Width determined by |
Occupant load |
|
|
Allowable Please into egress width |
- Handrails up to 4.5" - Door swing up to 7" - Trim up to 1.5" - Furnishings/Finishes up to 4" between 27" and 80" AFF |
|
|
Rated Corridors are require in all except |
E where half of egress is on ground floor R and sleeping units in I-1 Parking garages B with 1 exit |
|
|
Dead End Corridors |
20 ft unless Fully sprinklered B, E, F, I-1, M, R1, R2, R4, S, U may have 50ft I3 per exceptions in IBC If it's length is 2.5 times it's narrowest width |
|
|
Exit Doors must Swing in direction of |
Egress Travel |
|
|
Egress Exit Parts and their Fire Rating |
Most are 1 or 2 hours. Less than 1 hour if a regular corridor or smoke barrier |
|
|
FAR Calculation |
Area of lot *any zoning multipliers. |
|
|
Human comfort encompasses.. |
Temperature Humidity Air Movement Temperature Radiation from and to surfaces Air Quality Sound Vibration Light |
|
|
Humans produce heat equivalent to 1 met or... |
18.4 btu/hr*sf |
|
|
The average human gives off ____ of heat when sedentary |
400 btus/hr |
|
|
Convection, conduction, and radiation |
|
|
|
How humans convect heat |
When the air around a person is colder than the skin's temperature, heat is transferred to the air. The hot air rises and is replaced with cold air. |
|
|
How humans conduct heat |
Humans touch something colder than their skin and their heat is transferred to the thing that's being touched |
|
|
How humans radiate heat |
Human transfer heat energy through em waves to cooler surfaces |
|
|
How humans evaporate heat |
Breathing |
|
|
Vasodilation |
The hypothalamus tells the body to sweat |
|
|
Vasoconstriction |
The hypothalamus tells the body to decrease blood flow to the extremities |
|
|
Thermal comfort is a cross section of |
Air temp Humidity Air movement Surface temp Clothing Ventilation |
|
|
The Effective Temperature (ET) combines |
air temp, humidity and air movement |
|
|
Dry bulb temperature |
Standard temp taken with a thermometer |
|
|
Wet Bulb Temperature |
Temperature taken with moist cloth around thermometer causing water to evaporate |
|
|
Relative Humidity |
The ratio of moisture and air compared to the possible moisture at that temperature |
|
|
How humidity affects human comfort |
On hot humid days, moisture cannot evaporate from the skin making you feel hotter. |
|
|
How air movement affects human comfort |
It increases evaporation of heat and heat loss from convection. |
|
|
The wind chill effect |
Wind along with cold temperatures makes heat evaporate from your skin faster making you feel colder |
|
|
Emissivity |
Measure of a materials ability to absorb and then radiate heat |
|
|
Emittance |
Ratio of emitted radiation to emitted radiation of a black body |
|
|
Natural Ventilation and floor area |
At least 4% of the floor area must be open to ventilation. So a 200sf bedroom should have a 8sf window (or a 2x4 window) |
|
|
When using mechanical ventilation, air supplied must |
Be ~ equal to the rate of return |
|
|
The Comfort Zone |
68 - 82 degrees Fahrenheit 30 to 65% RH |
|
|
Psychrometric Charts Represent |
the cross section of heat, air, and moisture |
|
|
Dewpoint on a psychometry chart |
Represented by the 100% humidity line |
|
|
What is dewpoint? |
The temperature at which water will condense on a surface. |
|
|
Enthalpy Line on a psychometric chart |
Units: BTU/lbm of dry air
Represents the total amount of heat that needs to be added or removed from conditioned air |
|
|
Heat Loss in buildings is usually through |
air infiltration or through the building envelope |
|
|
Thermal conductivity (k) is |
The rate a which heat passes through 1 sf of a 1" thick piece of material in 1 degree of temperature change |
|
|
Conductance and Resistance |
R=1/C Conductance is thermal Conductivity Resistance is the number of hours needed for a BTU to pass thru a material at a 1 degree differential |
|
|
Overall Coefficient of Heat Transmittance (U) |
U = 1/sigma R |
|
|
Total heat loss (q) |
q = U A delta T |
|
|
|
|
|
The air barrier goes... |
On the warm side of the insulation |
|
|
Latent heat |
Heat that changes the state of a material like water into steam |
|
|
Sensible Heat |
Heat that changes the temperature of a material but not the state |
|
|
Specific heat |
The number of btus required to raise the temperature of a specific material 1 degree |
|
|
A BTU is |
The amount of heat required to raise a lbm of water 1 degree |
