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239 Cards in this Set
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- 3rd side (hint)
What are the 5 characteritics of all preindustrial civilizations?
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Cities, centralized & stratified economies, formal record keeping (writing), monumental architecture & some form of all-embracing state religion.
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How is CIVILIZATION defined in archeology today?
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"Urbanized, state-level societies."
Fagan pg 210 |
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Who explained the origin of states as an Urban Revolution.
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Vere Gordon Childe
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What is the Urban Revolution?
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Childe's theory of the origins of the state due to new divisions of labor (artisans) supported in cities by surpluses and new technologies including writing.
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V. Gordon Childe's 10 criteria of urban revolution and civilization
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- Cities
- Specialists/Division of Labor - Concentration of surplus as tithes/taxes - Ruling classes - Writing/numerical notation systems - Predictive sciences (calendars and math/geometry) - Scribes - Regular foreign trade - Social stratification unified by ideology - religion and state |
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What is a band?
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20-100 people with presigious individuals at various age/sex levels but no "Big Men" - fully egalitarian. Usually hunter-gatherers.
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What is a tribe?
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Association of kinship segments - with a Big Man. up to 1000 people
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What is a chiefdom?
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Society based on ranking. Lineages ranked amongst themselves and withing.
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What is a state?
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A social institution defined by:
- territorial boundaries - differential access to basic resources - social stratification - laws - central government - membership by residence not kin group or ethnicity |
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Name 4 Unilinear models of social evolution.
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1- Morgan's progressivism.
2 - Marx & Engels Historical Materialism 3 - Elman Service's evolution based on size 4 - Morton Fried's evolution from Egalitarian to Class (warfare) |
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What is Lewis H Morgans model of social evolution?
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Barbarism --> Savagery --> Civilization
Progressivist from 19th century. |
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What is Marx & Engels model of social evolution?
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Primitive --> Slavery --> Feudalism --> Capitalism --> Communism
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What is Elman Service model of social evolution?
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Band --> Tribe --> Cheifdom --> State
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What is Morton Fried model of social evolution?
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Egalitarian --> Ranked --> Stratified --> Class(es)
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Who reduced Childe's 10 criteria to 3 and what are the 3 criteria of civilization?
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Klakholm in 1958 reduced Childe's 10 criteria to: monumental architecture, writing, cities.
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Name 12 classic state formation theories (mostly monocausal).
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1. Pampelli's Fertile Crescent/Oasis Theory
2. Wittfogel's hydraulic Hypothesis 3. Childe's Automatic Theory 4. Marxist Historical Materialism 5. Diakonoff's Internal Conflict Theory 6. Boserups's Population Growth 7. Carnerio's Coercive Theory 8. Oppenheimer's Coercive Theory 9. Ratjze's Trade Theory 10. eliade's Ceremonial Center Theory 11. Sanders and Price's Success in Competition theory 12. Webster's War Finance Theory |
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Name 5 multivarient theories of state formation.
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1. R. Adams irrigation agriculture, warfare, local resource variability, population pressure, trade
2. Kent Flannery interactions between subsystems such as technology, agriculture, religious beliefs, etc 3. Ecological Approach (Julian Steward 1950s) complex interactions between environment, population and social factors - SYSTEMS THEORY 4. Structural approach (Elizabeth Brumfiel) pressures for state formation triggered in some systems but not others. It's about population ecology and opportunities for individuals to purse political goals 5. Maisels approach: apparatuses of power centralized: military, tax collectors/administrators, legal and idological. |
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What is Pampelli's Fertile Crescent/Oasis Theory?
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Pampelli excavated in Anau in 1904: fertility and benighn climate led to food surpluses that then supported craftsmen and other specialists.
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Pompei - a paradise?
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What is Wittfogel's Hydraulic Hypothesis?
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Hydraulic = water control. Because the creation and maintenance of large irrigation systems requires central authority they give rise to state control of all agriculture. But later found that states preceeded many large scale irrigation systems.
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Witt water (with water) and folks (fogel).
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What is Childe's Automatic theory?
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Everything follows naturally from adopting agriculture: first innovations and improved technologies for intensification then surpluses then social institutions. (But many societies do not have on going surpluses)
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Childe is chilled in his theory - all just flows man.
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What is Marxist Historical Materialism theory?
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Sophistication of means of production (intensification of agriculture thanks to technological advances) leads to a class struggle that sets the elites over the working class - the state is just the sum total of laws, ideologies, etc that maintain this structure.
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What is Diakonoff's Internal Conflict theory?
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State (as in Engels definition) keeps order by mitigating class struggles and internal differentiation within the society - keeping the elites on top - of course!
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Diode - two sided class struggle. Diakonoff - Russion obviously so Marxist
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What is Boserup's Population Growth theory?
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Esther Boserup 1960s criticism of Malthus - population growth a cause for social evolution.
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What is Carnerio's Coersive theory?
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Environmental circumscription - limitedness - causes small farm villages to encroach on one another. Leads to warfare and warlords coming out on top; forming states.
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Cat that ate the Carnery - got fat and ruled over all the rest.
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What is Oppenheimer's Coercive theory?
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Pastoralists birthed from agriculturalists (land ran out in the valleys so forced to make living in the hills). Then the pastoralists turned the tables on the agriculturalists and conquered them.
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I'm Up on you - Higher ground always wins!
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What is Ratjze's Trade theory?
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Based on studies of Mayan lowlands - states developed thanks to external trade.
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Rats (jeez!) came over in trading ships.
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What is Eliade's Ceremonial center theory?
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Mercea Eliade - ceremonial center as an instrument of orthogenetic transformation!
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What is Sanders and Price's Succession competition theory?
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Group selectionist theory of cultural evolution. Groups that are organized as we find them to be out-survived other groups organized along other lines.
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What is Webster's war finance theory?
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Chiefs who are successful at wars - award fiefdoms of a sort building a class of nobles and disenfranchising other internal enemies.
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Webster - a bit circular isn't it. Stratification emerges through stratification? But aren't all of Webster's definitions (in his dictionary) a bit circular?
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What is R Adams multivarients theory?
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Irrigation agriculture, warfare, local resource variability, population pressure, trade etc
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From Adam to Zed - a bit of everything!
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Who is Kent Flannery?
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Saw the emergence of the state as interaction between technology, agriculure, religious beliefs, etc
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What is the Ecological approach of Julian Steward (to explaining emergence of civilizations)?
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Emphasis on complex interactions between environmental, populationa and social factors.
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What is the Structural approach of Elizabeth Brumfiel(to explaining emergence of civilizations)?
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Studied Aztecs: ecological obstacles and opportunities for individuals to pursue political goals
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What is the Maisel's approach to explaining emergence of civilizations?
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State utilizes apparatuses of power to control people and territory: military, administrative(taxes), legal and ideological
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Upper Egypt
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Actually Southern Egypt because it is where the Nile begins.
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Lower Egypt.
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Actually northern Egypt.
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Dynasty 0.
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Begins with trade or diffusion of dynastic organization from Palestine?
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Dynasty 3
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First step pyramid by Djoser at Saqqara - designed/built by Imhotep. 2700 BC
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Unification of Egypt
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Narmer/Scorpian king. 1st dynasty. 3100 BC.
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The Rosetta Stone
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Stone found in Egypt with decree in 3 languages: Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphs, Egyptian Demotic script and ancient Greek. Found in 1799 and deciphered in 1820's.
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Nomes
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Territorial units in ancient Egypt - not urban centers! - not urbanized.
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Mastaba
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Mini flat-topped pyramids (graves) for the engineers and others that helped build the bigger pyramids.
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Pious foundation
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Since death a continuation of life - priests serve the dead to the point that land is overrun with pyramids and burial sites and labor goes to serving dead instead of the living.
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Buto
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Protector of Lower Egypt - Red cobra godess
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Hierakonpolis
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AKA Nekhan ; political and religious center of upper Egypt in predynastic era.
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Deir el Medineh
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A workers village
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Saqqara
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Where the Djoser (first) pyramid was built - a step pyramid.
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Narmer
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Menes/The Scorpian King. Unites upper and lower egypt in 2900 BC
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Narmer Palette
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Is this a narrative of the conquest of Egypt by Palestine. Dynasty 0 ruler Narmer?
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Step pyramid of Djoser
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First pyramid built in Saqqara by 3rd dynasty pharoh
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Imhotep
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Chancellor to 3rd dynasty pharoah, Djoser. Engineer, doctor, etc. - designed first pyramids - the step pyramid.
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Khufu
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Largest, oldest pyramid at Giza. Built for Khufu (Cheops in Greek). All 4th dynasty.
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Chephren
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Pyramid of 4th dynasty pharoah Khafre (Chephren is the Greek). 2nd largest pyramid at Giza. Khafre also credited with building the sphinx.
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Menkaure
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Smallest pyramid at Giza for the pharoah Menkaure. Mycerinus in Greek.
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Bent pyramid
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built under the Old Kingdom Pharaoh Sneferu- used by his wife - his adjacent one has a tunnel connecting them. 2600 BC
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Caste system
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Individuals not at the fore-front. Rather a caste system based on kinship and trade one is born into - like a leather worker, etc.
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Assymmetrical foreign trade
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Export a lot but don't want imports since they are impure.
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City planning (of the Indus)
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Cities laid out on a grid - brick sizes the same throughout the entire area and over time!. Separation of people by castes?
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Faceless civilization
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No monumental religious architecture or iconography. No palaces or expressions of god-Kings or worshipped rulers.
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Priest King
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Statuary from Harappa but no indication of worship or greatness. Just a guy? Just like the dancing girl is just a girl?
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Mature Harappan
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Indus site studied in 1920's and 30's but not recognized as a civilization right away. 2500-1900 BC.
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Mohenjo Daro
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Excavated site of Indus civilization. Over 500 wells, the granery etc all found here.
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Harappa
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Excavated site of the Indus civilization.
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Great Bath
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Looks like a central bathing place in Mohenjo-Daro but another example of eurocentrism on Marshall and/or Mackay's part?
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The Grainary
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a
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The Assembly
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a
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The College
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a
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Pollution and Purification
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No public religious ceremonies.
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Olmec
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The mother culture of mesoamerica - in the tropical lowlands.
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Mother Culture
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The Olmec are said to have come first.
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Mesoamerican-wide exchange systems
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The Olmec mothered all cultures exchanging their original ideas
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Olmec: People of the land of the rubber.
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Lowlands people (rainforest), the mother culture, 1200-400 BC, San Lorenzo, La Venta, Colossal heads
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San Lorenzo
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Olmec; 1200-900 BC; Tenochitlin
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La Venta
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Olmec site: a sacred "mountain" which is a mound. Has colossal heads and ancester emerging from underworld.
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Colossal heads
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The Olmec: maize surpluses and charismatic leadership enable big public, cooperative projects.
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Sacred Mountains of Olmec
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The sacred mountains are the pyramids that are the resting places of the gods and royal ancestors.
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Zapotec
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Represent the first urban state of mesoamerican - based in arid highlands. 500 BC to 700 AD
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Valley of Oaxaca
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Zapotec 500 BC to 700 AD
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Monte Alban
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Zapotec 500 BC to 700 AD
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First clearest evidence of urbanization (Zapotec)
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Sacred mountain is city.
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Sacred mountains of Zapotec
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Mount Alban
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Large-scale manipulation of the environment
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Irrigation & terracing by the Zapotec - terracing of hills and river bottomlands a necessity for sustainable agriculture.
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The Danzantes
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Public display of defeated enemies and captives at the Zapotec Mt Albon temple. Show them dead and mutilated.
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260- day calendar & origins of writing
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260 day calendar was the religious one. Everything about death and rebirth.
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Teotihuacan
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Also from the arid highlands - urban, international center. 1-550 AD. City of the Gods.
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City of the Gods
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Teotihuacan, 1-550 AD; pyramid of the sun long street to pyramid of the moon. Mirrors the cosmos and must be maintained for cosmos to be maintained.
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True urban center
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with a population of 125K
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Central place for pilgramage
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Teotihuacan
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Central place for a new order after volcanic eruptions
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Teotihuacan
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Central place for myth & origins
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Teotihuacan
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Socioeconomic power of the Teotihuacan
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International trading center - either produced or controlled redistribution of all goods. Linked with Mayan centers such at Tikal and Copan.
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Links with Maya centers
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Teotihuacan the city of the Gods.
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Pyramid of the Sun
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creation myth and the 5th sun; a god had to burn himself to death to create our sun. Reborn to serve us thus we must serve him (actually serve a hostile universe?) - It's the ever encrouching jungle
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Pyramid of the Moon
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"watery hill" the source of water and irrigation system
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Internationalism
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Teotihuacan a trading center and place of spiritual pilgrammage.
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Empowerment of elites through
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surplus producgtion and long-distance trade.
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Maya
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The theater state of mesoamerica. 300-900 AD
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Mayan Environmental Diversity
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Rainforest and highlands - need each other for sustainable subsistance.
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Mayan Economic interdependence.
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Rainforest and highlands - need each other for sustainable subsistance
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Mayan Shared culture
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Calendrics, astronomy and bark-paper books. Visual and performance art in service of the state. (Us against the universe - gods with us in carving out a place to live in the rainforest)
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Mayan Calendars
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a
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Mayan Astronomy
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a
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Mayan ball game
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Tlatchtli; can gain social/political status by winning. but losers lose their lives. Hero Twins play against the Lords of Xibalba (gods of underworld) for their lives and to revive father and uncle. Win but can't revive father.
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Mayan royal ancestorship
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Copan site shows clear signs of ancestor worship
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Mayan pyramids
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a
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Mayan warfare and tribute
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a
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Tikal
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Mayan site
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Copan
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Clear signs of ancestor worship at this Mayan site; 4 sided sarcophagus with 16 royal ancestors on it found here.
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Uruk expansion
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a
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Mesopotamia urbanization
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a
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Temple economy
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Temples controlled the redistributive economy. Through:
- writing -standard units of measurement - seals and sealings Every temple had walls around it. |
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Temple community
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Walled off from the rest of Uruk. With workshops...
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Uruk
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The first city and state of Mesopotamia. 3800-3200 BC.
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Core-Perphery relationship
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In the Core of Uruk and other Mesopotamian cities were the temples used for trade and wealth redistribution. Closer to the temple - higher ranked. Periphery = the opposite.
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Mesopotamian Irrigation
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Amazing network of levies and canals for transportation and linking cities together. - Commerce as well as irrigation.
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Mesopotamian Writing
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Is cuneiform - all about accounting and trade. Bills of lading and contracts.
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Bullae
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Plural of Bulla: vessels used to transport tokens that were indications of what deals were in the offing.
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Tokens
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Part of the original Mesopotamian writing system made of clay and representing commodities.
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Tablets
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Mesopotamian writing went from Bullae and tokens to clay tablets with cuneiform writing.
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Cuneiform
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Cunei means wedged-shaped in Latin. The stylus used in many societies writing - and many types of writing; logographic to alphabetic.
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Ziggurat
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Terraced step pyramid of mesopotamia
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Cylinder seals
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Have a wide area to make a large sealing. Appear by 3600 BC.
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Stamp seals
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Served as security devices for bales, doors etc.
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What is a great way to describe economic stratification?
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Differential access to basic resources.
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What is the dividing line between North and South China?
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The Yangtze river.
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What is the second major river in China?
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The Yellow river (Huang He).
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Which of China's rivers is referred to as the cradle of Chinese civilization?
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The Yellow river
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Name China's two rivers.
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The Yangtze and the Yellow river.
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Why is the Yellow river sometimes referred to as "China's Sorrow"
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Because of the devastating floods - may have flooded almost 1600 times in the last 2500 years - changed course perhaps 26 times.
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What is Loess?
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Highly erodable soil of the Yellow River's plateau (Loess plateau) a silty sediment from wind storms eroding the plateau.
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When was rice domesticated?
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12000-10000 years ago in China.
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What is the domesticated beast of burdan used in Asia for farming?
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The Water Buffalo
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What is the first dynasty in China and when was it?
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The Xia dynasty from 2070 to 1600 BC
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What two important technologies developed under the Chinese Shang dynasty?
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Bronze casting 1500-1300 BC and Writing 1400-1200 BC
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The Terra Cota soldiers discovered in China in 1974 were guarding whose tomb?
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The first emporer's of 210 BC.
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How did urbanization come about in China?
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Through ritualization.
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What dynasty came after the Xia and had the first cities?
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The Shang dynasty from 1600 1050- BC
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What is ritualization?
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Rituals maintain cultural stability. They codify leaders and subordinates rolls.
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Erlitou
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Area showing occupation from 3500-1250 BC - both foreshadows and overlaps Shang dynasty. Hey day 1900- 1600 BC. (Xia?)
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Where is the Erlitou site?
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Yilou basin of the Yellow river.
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What was the Shang dynasty's bronze casting method?
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The piece-mold method allowing for more intricate designs on the finished piece. Since the pieces of the mold were made from a clay model instead of a wax one.
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What are oracle bones?
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Used by Shang rulers in ceremonies asking ancestors for advice. Written on the broad scapula of ox or water buffalos.
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What is a scapula?
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Shoulder bone (on our 'backs')
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What is the big deal about Jade?
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It is harder than steel so to carve it is to abrade it slowly. The Shang also innovated 3-D animals in Jade as charms.
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Did the Chinese have pyramids?
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Yes; flat-topped burial mounds but not for the Shang.
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What is social organization as opposed to political organization?
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social org: cultural rules/values determining how INDIVIDUALs interact. political org: cultural rules/values that determine how a groups RULES WILL BE MADE. And how different groups within the larger polity will have to act to get along in the long term.
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Tribes are not generally sedentary they are...
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Segmentary. Usually semi-nomadic pastoralists or sedentary agriculturalists.
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What is a city?
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Size or something more?
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What is a state?
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Not about ethnicity!
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What is a Pristine state?
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One that emerges in it's own unique way.
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What is a secondary state?
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One that emerges through contact with pristine states.
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What is Engels conception of emergence of civilization?
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Savagery to Slavery
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Do cultural anthropologists use the word 'civilization'?
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No but still used in archeology.
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What are the state formation prime movers?
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8 things.
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Two types of trade in early civilizations.
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State-controlled: tribute
Open market |
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What is central place theory?
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Absence of resource to get it started?
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What types of sites or finds do archeologists like to see to guage a society as being complex (or civilized)?
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Like to find L A M A A: Locational evidence
Architectural evidence (monumental) Mortuary evidence (cared about death/afterlife) Administrative (levels and people organizing the whole- especially scribes) Artifacts (showing trade, self-decoration, etc) |
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What's the big deal about writings emergence?
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Sociological, economic - even self - control.
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What is an alphabetic sign?
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A representative of a single sound.
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What is a syllabic sign?
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A representative of 2-3 consonant sounds.
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What is a word-sign?
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Pictures of the object they are representing.
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What is a determinative?
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A picture or glyph/ideogram that aids in reading but is not actually read - like punctuation.
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What are the 6 types of writing systems?
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1. Logographic
2. Syllabic 3. Alphabetic 4. Featural 5. Ideographic 6. Pictographic |
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What is a Logographic writing system?
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Symbol represents an entire word but is not a picture of same - that would be a pictograph
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What is a Syllabic writing system?
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Depicts groups of sounds.
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What is a Featural writing system?
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Depicts sounds that have things in common such as use of the lips.
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What is Pictographic writing?
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Symbols are or are derived from pictures of the actual objects.
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What did the Mesopotamians, Egyptians and MesoAmericans use to write on - their Media/Medium?
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Mesopotamian: clay Bullae, tokens then tablets
Egyptians: Ivory, papyrus, leather, bone and linen - if ceremonial: stone. MesoAmericans: tree bark, deer skin and stone. |
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The standardized "duck" weight was found in what first civilization?
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Mesopotamia (URUK)
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Standardized weights and beveled bowls for standard volume measurements found....?
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Uruk 3200 BC
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Iteru
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The great river - the Nile
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What are cataracts?
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Great water falls of the Nile.
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Hieraglyphs for what type of writing vs. what other types?
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Great for temples and general public but heiratic script for effective for day to day biz. Demotic writing even better for contracts and protocals. (Coptic for bible)
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Palermo stone
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Records Dynasty 0, the archaic dynasties and the old kingdom.
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6 shared characteristics of Mesoamericans.
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1. Pantheon of gods
2. Maize agriculture 3. Screen fold books and hieraglyphics 4.Stepped pyramids 5. turbans (dress?) 6. calendars and rituals around those calendars |
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Cartouche
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An oval frame that contains the symbols for a royal name or the name of a god.
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The Indus river
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Floods due to Himalayan snow melt. The Indus flood plain not restricted due to topography like the Nile river valley.
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Forces in the rise of urbanism in Mesoamerica.
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Agricultural surpluses
Necessity of trade (me) between highlands and lowlands -Marriage alliances -Warfare -validation of royal power and central, organizing authority -human agency |
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The Were-Jaguar.
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The dualism of lineages from gods and commoners. (Olmec)
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Why all the blood in Mayan?
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Gods sacrificied their blood to create space and time out of the void - press the void out. royalty needs to maintain that. - Very Fringe/Matrix
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When was Teotihuacan destroyed.
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Elites residences and temples destroyed 550AD. Probably linked to drought, famine, malnutrition and warfare of 535-536.
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what
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w
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what
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w
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what
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w
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what
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w
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what
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w
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what
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w
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Phylogenetic reconstruction
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relations between species - building the family tree- understanding evolution and interrelatedness
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Hominin vs hominid
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Hominin - Tribe
hominid - family hominoid - superfamily |
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Who are the robust vs. gracile australopithecines?
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Gracile: africanus
afarensis Robust: robustus bosei aethiopicus |
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Australopithecus africanus vs afarensis
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africanus - south african
afarensis - lucy (older than above) |
lucy is far away in the sky
africanus descended from lucy and spread from origins in East Africa |
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Anatomically vs. Behaviourally modern humans
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Anatomically modern humans not behaviourally modern until art or other symbolic behavior evident
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Out of Africa 1 and 2
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Out of Africa 1 is Homo erectus 1.8 mya known by finds in Dmansi Georgia in Caucasus.
Out of Africa 2 is @ 500 Kya - these are early modern humans or archaie Homo sapiens |
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Committed vs. compromised morphology
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as it regards bipedelism: committed means fully (and thus efficiently) bipedal while compromised means not efficient or habitual just facultative.
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LCA (last common ancestor)
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with apes - 6-7 mya Orrorin tugenensis
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Lower Paleolithic
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2 mya to 150 Kya
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think strata - lower is older
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Upper Paleolithic
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45 - 12 Kya
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Debitage
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debris - leftovers - trash from making stone tools.
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Big chunks vs small chunks debitage
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Bigger chunks mean less reworking.
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Oldowan stone age
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2.6 mya to 1.7 mya
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Acheulean stone age
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1.7 mya - two faced symetrical - showing more complex processing points (means more complex brains?)
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Seven centers of domestication
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Fertile Crescent
North America Sub-Saharan Africa South America Meso America South China (Yangtze) North China (Yellow river) |
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Natufian
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Epipalelithic - tools used to gather wild grains. The transitional peoples between foragers and full-fledged agriculturalists.
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Atapuerca
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800-900 Kya Archaic Homo sapiens 2000 + bones
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Blombos Cave
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In South Africa. Modern behaviors dating from 80,000 years ago - beads, personal adornment and decorated tools.
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Chauvet Cave
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Southern France. 30-32 Kya. Paleolithic Rock art
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Abu Hureyra
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in Syria - earliest Agricultural site. Euphrates valley - 11.5 Kya
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Hominoid
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Humans and all direct ancestors
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Unique human features
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Bipedal
Large brains Tool use |
BLT
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Central place foraging
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Glynn Isaac & Bunn: Idea that hunter gatherers bring foraged foods back to a camp for all to share based on archeological finds of processed bones in concentrations (no hearths)
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Pleistocene
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Geological Epoch of the Quarternary period. Runs from 2.5 mya to 12 Kya. Overlaps with archeological periof of paleolithic.
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Australopithecus afarensis found...?
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Maurice Taueb and Don Johanson find 'Lucy' in 1974. In the Middle Awasy in Northern Ethiopia - HADAR.
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Australopithecus africanus found...?
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By Raymond Dart in 1925
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Paranthropus
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Homo paranthropus or robust Australopithecines
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Robust Australopithecines: Where found and how old.
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Aethiopicus: Omo Ethiopia 2.6 mya
Robustus: S Africa 1.2 mya Bosei: Leakey in '59 Olduvai 2.6 mya - 1.8 mya |
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Homo erectus/ergaster
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Found all the way to China after 1st out of Africa jaunt 1.7 mya to replacement around 470 Kya
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Homo heidelbergensis
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archaic Homo:
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Homo neanderthalensis
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400kya - 27 kya: Europe to SW Asia - 27 Ka seen in Spain
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Homo sapiens
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Fully modern: found in middle east 100-150 Kya
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Dmanisi
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in Georgia in the Caucausus: earliest Hominin out of Africa (1st time) 1.8 mya Homo georgius (habilis) - predates erectus
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Hadar
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Ethiopia in East Africa (Middle Awash): Australopithecus afarensis - LUCY and at least 13 others
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Laetoli
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Tanzania in East Africa - FOOTPRINTS - discovered by Mary Leakey - dated to 3.6 mya - formed by volcanic ash.
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Lascaux Cave
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17 Kya
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Ohalo II
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Sea of Galilee in Israel - Oldest Hunter Gatherer site dated to 23 Kya - SEDENTARY - unexpected
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Ohalo - sounds Hawaiin but surprise - unexpected find of sedentary hunter gatherers
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GobekliTepe
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Turkey - hilltop sanctuary for SEDENTARY hunter gatherers 12Kya - has a temple!!
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Gona
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Kenya 2 finds:
Orrorin Tugenensis (millennium man from 6 mya - fully bipedal thus pushes back the LCA despite genetic clock saying otherwise 2- Bona/Bairi - where 2.6 mya cut marked animal bones found |
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immediate vs delayed returns
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gathering vs farming
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Fertile Crescent
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1 of 7 origins of agriculture - between the Tigris and Euphrates
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Radiometric dating
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uses regular decay of radioactive isotopes to date organic materials (Carbon 14 and potassium argon dating)
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Law of superposition
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Older on bottom of stratified site
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Lower is younger
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Processual archaeology
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Culture studied as adaptive - adaptations
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Zooarchaeology
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Study of animal remains and their relationship to human civilizations
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Leakey Family
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Mary - Laetoli footprints
Mary & Louis - Olduvai (Tanzania) 1960's - Oldowan tools Richard - East Turkana - finds H habilis skull |
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Gordon Childe
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Named the Neolithic revolution: Oasis theory - climatic dessication of Youner Dryas forced pro-humans to cluster around water sources and intensify their takings from the circumscribed environment
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Robert Braidwood
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Neolithic revolution not due to climatic changes but rather a gradual evoltuion thanks to technological/cultural advances
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Braiding wood? or abrading it to make spears...
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Donald Johanson
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Discoverer of Lucy A. afarensis in 1974
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Lewis Binford
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Neolithic revolution or farming could only have been forced on humans because of population pressures in marginal zones (forced to these zones apparently)
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Binford tools - Tim Allen, man's man - man so lazy that they would have had to be forced into it...then how do you explain rice production?
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Ian Hodder
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of Stanford - post processualist studied Catalhuyac
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Wants to look Hotter to the ladies so rejects gender roles of processual archeology
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Middle Paleolithic
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150 Kya - 45 Kya
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