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140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Acculturation
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the changes that occur as a result of cross-cultural interaction
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Acculturation
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the changes that occur as a result of cross-cultural interaction
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Agricultural Revolution
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transfer from hunter-gatherer to farmer ~10,000 BC
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Anasazi
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inhabitants of Chaco canyon, deep connection to the sun and moon
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Animal Domestication
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Mutual relationship of raising animals to be used in some way
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Anthropometry
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measuring humans to categorize them
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Appendicular Skeleton
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the bones or ligaments supporting the appendages. Divided into 6 parts- feet, legs, pelvis, arms, hands, and pecs
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Archaeoastronomy
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study of past people’s understanding of phenomena in the sky and how it affected the rest of their culture
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Archaeozoology
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study of faunal remains
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Axial Skeleton
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bones at the the top and bottom of a vertebrae. Mainly the skull, spine, and rib cage
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Babylon (fall of)
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Capitol of science and education, said to be a sinful place, conquered by Cyrus
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Band (level of organization)
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typically hunter-gather, egalitarian society ranging from 50 to 100
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Barium
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56th element of the periodic table, a highly reactive alkali-earth metal
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Bioarchaeology
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study of human remains
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Bioturbation
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reworking of soils by animals or plants
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Carrying Capacity
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capacity of a species within an environment
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Catalhoyuk
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egalitarian town covered in art but with no definite purpose
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Chaco Canyon
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site of many anasazi towns and planetariums
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Chiefdom (level of organization)
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System everyone submitted to a chief, marked a start for agriculture and war and could number from 1,000s-10,000s
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Clovis First Theory
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Theory stating that clovis people came to America from Siberia
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Conservation
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The action of preserving something specific
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Corn, Beans, and Squash
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Mesoamerica diet
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Corn, Potatoes, and Squash
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South America diet
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CRM Archaeology
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archeology concerned with management and assessment of resources
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Diagnostic Artifact
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an artifact that is known to be associated with a particular time period
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Diffusion
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Spread of a cultural trait from one culture to the next via interaction
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Direct Historical Approach
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working backwards in time from sites of known age into earlier times
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Domestication
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Mutual relationship of were humans have influence on care and reproduction
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Ecofacts
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natural object brought into a site
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Ecosystem
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system maintained by the workings of the environment
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Emmer Wheat, Barley, Millet
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Southwest Asia diet
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Ethnicity
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belonging to a social group that has a common culture
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Ethnoarchaeology
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study of today's processes to understand the past's preocesses
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Ethnography
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comparing of 2+ clutures
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Exchange Systems (name 3)
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reciprocity, redistribution, and markets
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Experimental Archaeology
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expreiments to recontruct the past
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External Occipital Protuberance
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lump on the rear of the skull (guys only)
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Faunal Remains
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Remains of dead animals
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Feasting Theory or Social Hypothesis
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theory stating domestication started as a way to gain surplus and social status
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Female Status in ancient Greece
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you would either be a wife, prostitute, or a slave. Treated poorly in any case
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Fermentation (economy/social impacts)
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Many rituals and was society's "oil"
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Fertile Crescent (Mesopotamia)
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aka "Cradle of Civilization" area of incredible soil fertility
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Forager
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One who gathers food, primarily nuts and berries
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Forensic Archaeology
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study of injuries and pathogens using skeletons
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Function
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activity or purpose intended for a person or thing
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Gender
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social status of male or female
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Geomorphology
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study of topographic features
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Gonial Angle
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angle of the outer jaw
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Harris lines
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line of increased bone density were the bone stopped growing
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Hierarchical Society
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Social structure with teirs dictating power and influence
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Hilly Flanks Theory
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earliest domesticates should appear where their wild ancestors lived, RB
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Horticulture
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society that mainly grows their own food and is often considered a tribe
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Hunter – Gatherers
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same societal model as band, it's how humans humans first began
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Iconography
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visual images and symbols used in a work of art or the study or interpretation of these
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Independent Invention
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interpretation of history were cultures developed technology without outside influence
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Inca Child Sacrifice (Llullaillaco)
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3 children sacrificed at a volcano. Nicknamed "the Maiden" "Lightning girl" and "el Nino"
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Intensive Agriculture
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used in state level societies: low fallow ratio and higher use of inputs such as capital and labour per unit land area
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Jericho
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oldest continously inhabited area
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Machu Picchu
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Incan estate, engineering marvel, Mountain Reinforcement, Vibrational Dampening , Structure Reinforcement
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Macrobotanical Remains
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easily recognizable artifacts
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Mastoid Process
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the region of the skull were the jaw attaches
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Markets
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place to buy, sell, or exchange goods
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Metallurgy
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act or skills of working metal
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Microbotanical Remains
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not so easily recognizable artifacts
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Middle Range Theory
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comprises theories,methods, and ideas that can be applied to any time and place
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Mummification (natural vs. artificial)
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natural is when the regian is cold and dry to preserve tissue while artificial is when oils and wraps are used
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Migration
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the spread of culture happned when current cultures expanded their influence. Hard to prove
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Nonstratified Society (egalitarian)
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Society were there is no differences and everyone is equal
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Oasis Theory
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Agricultural origin theory suggesting a dry period coralled all the people, plants, and animals
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Ötzi the Iceman
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Incredably preserved natural mummy found in the alps with tatoos, tools.
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Osteology
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study of bones
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Paleoanthropology
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study of the formation and the development of the specific characteristics of humans
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Paleoethnobotany
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study of remains of plants cultivated or used by man
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Paleodemography
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study of human demography in antiquity and prehistory
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Pastoralism
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branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock
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Plant Domestication
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selected growth of plants for food
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Pollen
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powdery substance comprising of pollen grains, used to reconstruct vegetation
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Population Pressure Theory
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agricultural origin theory suggesting a spike in population forced people to farm
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Prestate Society
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small scale society with a band, community, or village social structure
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Reciprocity
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the exchange of goods between parties
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Redistribution
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dispersal of trade goods throughout a society
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Repatriation
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returning a person to their place of origin or citizenship.
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Residue Analysis (i.e. from pottery)
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looking at the remains of something to determine what the orginal was
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Restoration
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process of returning an object to how it used to be
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Rice and Millet
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Eastern Asia diet
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Rock Art (i.e. petroglyphs)
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carvings or drawing on rocks, gives insight to activities of hunter-gatherers
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Sciatic Notch
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notch in the rear or the pelvis
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Settlement Archaeology (three types of)
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Environmental Change, Interactions between people, Shifts in population
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Settlement Patterns
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Households, Communities, Distribution of Communities, Geographic Information Systems
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Site Catchment Analysis
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reasoning the purpose of a site
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Site Formation Processes
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agencies, natural, or cultural, that have transformed the archaeological record
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Social Ranking
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differentiating of people based of wealth and power
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Sourcing (materials)
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identifying the origin of artifacts
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Spectroscopy
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using a light beam to determine trace elements in an artifact
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Stable Isotopic Analysis
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identification of isotopies, the distribution of stable isotopes, and the elements within the compound
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State (level of organization)
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use of intensive agriculture begins along with writing, bureacracy, taxes, and so on
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Stonehenge (purpose of)
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Possibly Solar calendar, place of rituals
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Stratified Society
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a society with many "layers" within itself. Typically reliant on a heirarchy of some kind
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Strontium
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38th element and is in the alkali earth category
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Style
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a way to portray information and describe something about its owner
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Symbols
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an image of something that represents something else
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Systems Theory
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culture can be broken down into subsystems (Big Barrel of Culture)
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Taphonomy
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study of the process by which fossils change after deposited
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Taxonomy
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system for classifying materials, objects, and phenomena used in archaeology
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Technology (as dating criteria)
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relative chronological ranking of artifacts based off of the technology used to create it
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Temper (pottery)
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material added to pottery before firing strengthen the product
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Teosinte
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Corn, Zea, before domestication
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Trace Element Analysis
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means of identifying the source of an artifact using x-ray spetromentry
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Tradition
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an artifact, assemblage, or style that persists more than 1 phase
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Tribes
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typically a horticultural society that would have an elder as the head numbering 100's-1,000's
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Trade Networks
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Reciprocity, Redistribution, Markets
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UAVs as a remote sensing device
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Mapping, 3D models
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Uluburun Shipwreck
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international trade, glass/copper/tin ingots, jars and resins
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Yams, Peanuts
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African diet
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Writing systems
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either an alphabet or heiroglyphs repesenting speech
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Hiram Bingham (Machu Picchu)
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discovered Machu Picchu, believed it was a religous shrine
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Lewis Binford
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Population Pressure, Processual Archaeology
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Kent Flannery/Joyce Marcus
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C14 dating, Mexico, post holes, escalation of raiding
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Ian Hodder
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founded the cognitive approach and excavated Çatalhöyük
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Jared Diamond
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Studied the anasazi, How societies choose to suceed or fail, fluctuation in conditions, environmental and socal
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Robert Braidwood
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proposed natural habitat hypothesis, that earliest domesticates should appear where their wild ancestors lived, "Hilly Flanks"
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Patrick McGovern
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Biomolecular Archaeologist, revived ancient ales, man the drinker
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Scotty MacNeish
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interdisciplinary collaboration, experimental archaeologist
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Naomi Miller
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Archaeobotany, Gordion, Penn Museum
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Anna Soafer
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Conducted research at Chaco Canyon, Sun Dagger site, 1978
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SA1: Bones that determine sex.
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Hips, Skull
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SA1: Sex traits of bones.
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Mastoid process, Brow Ridge, Wing attitude
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SA1: Bones that determine age.
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Spine, ends of bones, sutures in skull
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SA1: Adulthood traits of bones.
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Lipping of bones, cartiliage of spine wears out
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SA2: name 4 theories of domestication
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Oasis, Natural Habitat, Population Pressure theory, Social Hypothesis Theory
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SA2: Breifly explain the Natural Habitat Theory
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Everything was in place and it "just happened"
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SA2: what problems exist for each domestcation theory
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Oasis: no dry period, Natural Habitat: no specific reason to how domestication occured PPT: no population spike, SHT: explains only one reason of domestication
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SA2: which domestication theory has the most explanitory power
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Oasis and PPT are practically disproven and Natural Habitat has no evidence so SHT
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SA4: 4 types of sociopolitical organization
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Band, Horticultural, Cheifdoms, and state-level
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SA4: Relation to subsistence strategies
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Band: hunter gatherer Horticultural: gathering and light farming Cheifdoms: early agriculture State: intensive Agriculture
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SA4: stage of development reached before warfare
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Village life, establish a surplus (Cheifdom level)
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SA4: cross cultural features of warring societies, why?
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intervillage raiding, cheifs competing for land, water, and manpower
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SA6: what conditions caused Otzi's preservation
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He was frozen in a dry place
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SA6: difference between Otzi & a "bog body"
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While Otzi was frozen, bog body's are waterlogged to the point were the tissue hardens
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SA6: What was learned from Otzi and how
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Diet (stomach contents), metalurgy (weapons), medicine and seasons (carried), warfare (injuries)
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