Archaeology Final Exam!

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Baron Cuvier

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Fossil collector who pushed the idea of "Catastrophism"

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Raymond Dart

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Discovered and described the Taung Child-Australopithecus africanus.

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Eugene Dubois

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Discovered fossils in Java, first known as Pithecanthropus erectus and later as homo erectus.

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Louis and Mary Leakey

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Associated with fossil finds such as Zinjanthropus, and Laetoli footprints.

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Charles Lyell

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Wrote Principles of Geology and proposed the idea of "uniforitatianism" to explain geologic changes in the past.

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Sven Nilsson

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Suggested that humankind went through 4 stages of development: Stone Age, Pastoral Age, Agricultural Stage, and Civilization.

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Lewis Binford

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Published a series of papers in the 1960's that called for archaeology to become more "scientific", and is associated with the beginning of processual archaeology.

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Homo Habilis is associated with what tool?

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Oldowan ( stone tools used by prehistoric Hominins during the Lower Paleolithic)

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A METHOD for making stone tools...?

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Levalloisian (distinctive type of stone knapping developed by humans during the Palaeolithic period.)

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Neanderthal is associated with which tool type..?

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Mousterian (predominantly flint tools (or industry) associated primarily with Homo neanderthalensis and dating to the Middle Paleolithic, the middle part of the Old Stone Age.)

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Homo erectus (ergaster) is associated with which tool type (and this type is not associated with homo habilis)...?

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Acheulean (stone tool manufacture associated with early humans during the Lower Palaeolithic era across Africa and much of West Asia and Europe. )

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Who was the linguist who deciphered the hieroglyphic writing on the Rosetta Stone?

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Jean-Francois Champollion

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The scientific approach to modern archaeology, which involves formulating hypotheses and testing them by gathering data is referred to as...?

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Processual Archaeology

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T or F: Only anthropologists do archaeology.

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FALSE

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Archaeology that is primarily concerned with the Pleistocene is...?

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Prehistoric Archaeology

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Archaeology that is primarily concerned with Greek and Roman civilizations...?

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Classical Archaeology

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A hoax perpetrated, perhaps, by Charles Dawson in England that claimed the discovery of an ape-like fossil.

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Piltdown Man

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Studies the past by controlled and directed replication of artifacts and features.

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Experimental Archaeology

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Analysis of living human groups to gain insight into the life ways of past human groups.

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Ethnoarchaeology

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All the ARTIFACTS and ECOFACTS collected from a site constitute..?

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An assemblage

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Software that analyzes spatially based information...?

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Geographic Information System

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Soil that has been created by human action..?

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Anthropogenic

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Angkor Wat, Cambodia

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Capital of the Khmer Empire

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What is Hydrology?

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The study of the action and process of water

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What is Inhumation?

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Burial.

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What is a Midden?

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A garbage heap.

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What is an Ossuary?

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A vessel or room for bones.

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What is Primary Context?

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Something lying in its original position.

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What is Manuport?

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Object transported to a site that, strictly speaking, is not an artifact.

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What is Secondary Context?

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An object that has been moved from its original position.

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What are Casual Tools?

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Tools rarely recognized as such in the archaeological record.

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What is a Composite Tool?

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Tools that contain multiple parts.

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What is an Artifact?

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Tools, ornaments, or objects manufactured by people.

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What is a Feature?

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Non-portable objects used or constructed by people.

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Approach in which archaeological interpretations become narratives, or stories archaeologists tell about the past...?

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Postprocessual Archaeology

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A theoretical framework based on the idea that human social life is a response to the practical problems of earthly existence...?

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Cultural Materialism.

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An archaeological analysis of living peoples to gain insight into peoples of the past...?

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Ethnoarchaeology.

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Sometime called the "New Archaeology" it marks the shift from a historical approach in archaeology to a scientific approach...?

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Processual Archaeology.

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According to the Madaba Plains Manual, excavation is to be done in...?

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5X5 meter squares.

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Tall or Tells, are...?

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Mounds covering archaeological sites.

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The most important thing to remember while doing archaeology is to...?

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Keep accurate records.

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Near the end of the Pleistocene, a corridor between the glaciers opened up from Alaska to the lower part of North America. About when did this happen?

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20,000 years ago

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The best way to find archaeological sites is to...?

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-Consult historical documents
-Talk to people
-Satellite/aerial photography
-Go out and look

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in situ mean...?

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Discovering artifacts in place.

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Ground penetrating radar is?

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used for remote sensing.

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A Datum point is ...?

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The reference point for an archaeological site.

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A Provenience is...?

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The actual spatial location of an artifact in a site relative to the reference point.

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What is a Trench...?

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excavation units that are 1 to several meters wide and as long as necessary.

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What is the Standard Excavation Unit...?

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In the US, 1 or 2 meter squares make up a unit.

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A Curation is...?

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Managing of the data collected in the field.

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Statistical Sample....?

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The random selection of units for excavation.

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Test-level excavation...?

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Guided by surface features or collections, this type of excavation consists of digging pits to see what is there.

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Surface Collection...?

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Systematic retrieval of artifacts exposed on the ground.

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In order to do archaeology on federal or state owned land in the United States, you must have...:

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An archaeology permit

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After an archaeological project is completed, it is a professional obligation for the archaeologist to...?

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Report and publish the findings...