Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Shang Culture (N China): Doors to the culture
|
-texts (and myths/legends)
-bronzes and stone -oracle bones (Dragon bones, traditional medicine) -field arch./western influence -Xia, Zhou, Shang |
|
|
Shang: key social transformations
|
-inc. in interaction among cultures (trade/violence)
-writing -divination/ritual/sacrifice -craft specialization -social stratification |
|
|
Terracotta warriors/Qin/unification
|
-warring states period: a lot of change, rise of urban centers, specialists, trade, iron metallurgy
-Qin conquers and unifies, very strict -Great Wall -standardization *weights/measures *coins *writing *axle widths, highway system -Warriors: 8000 found, multiple items, huge #, mass produced |
|
|
late Bronze age (dian/dongson)
|
-shock/awe of bronze creations
-creativity/experimentation/innovation -crossroads of culture -royal tombs, vessels, laquer, drums, belt buckles -Imperial control |
|
|
Khmer State (SE Asia): Angkor
|
-European colonialism, arch. research
-rise/fall: resource control -competition btw Port/Spanish: Treaty of Tordesillas/Saragossa - empires -French missionaries (Mekong) = takeover of Vietnam -Mauryan empire - India/trade -decline of Mekong bc China trade shifted = rise of Chenla (Khmer -Funan: canals, Oc Eo |
|
|
Angkor Wat (SE Asia)
|
-powerful, centralized pol. center
-temples: worship divine rulers (also mausoleums, shrines to ancestors) -home of the gods (symbolic sculptures) -complete devotion (give money) -control of resources -war for power, fall by Siamese -national symbol |
|
|
regional continuity model
|
-many regions
-evolved by exchange of genes -from 1 SPECIES |
|
|
pop replacement theory
|
-homo sapiens settled everywhere
-h. erectus died out -EVOLVED IN 1 PLACE AND THEN LEFT |
|
|
Early Americans
|
-stone tools, mounds (NA couldnt make stuff like this)
-close minded views: progress is inevitable, western superiority, savages/barbarous/civilized -Clovis and Folsom fluted points: New mexico -land bridge, NW coast, or trans atlantic -artifacts disproved that the world began in 4004 bc |
|
|
Ancient Maya (lower central America, below mexico)
|
-agriculture, math, calendar, writing, monuments
-complex religion, art, social classes -open markets, trade, textiles, herbal medicine -Al Mirador, Jaguar paw temple, friezes, huge complex, El tigre complex, tomb: ancient astronaut -tablero: table -talud: slanted part separating tableros -Chichen Itza |
|
|
other central american cultures (mexico)
|
-Zapotec: stone figures
-Olmec: giant heads -Teotihuacan: moon/sun pyramid, market, city, temple of feathered serpent -these included maya: indigenous origins turned into complex society, shared beliefs: developed identity |
|
|
Moche, Peru INCA: (NW SA)
|
-diverse environment in the andes
-agriculture/irrigation, rank, conquest, ceremony sites -pyramids of moon/sun, brick marks -textiles, ceramics, metallurgy, stirrup bottles, looting -presentation scene: ceremony -Sipan: pyramids/tombs, lord/priest/old lord -alvan: moral arch. |
|
|
Aztecs and conquistadors (mexico)
|
-triple alliance
-tenochtitlan: "Venice of the new world," captial, castes, sun stone, gods/sacrifice -taxes and trade, market (cacao) and long distance -tradition in modern times -cortez won -Tula |
|
|
threats
|
-war
-looting -natural disasters -domestic unrest -economic development -elgin marbles -monument men -flooding: yanghtze river, dam -red book: protect sites |
|
|
atlantis
|
-no real proof (only legends)
-pseudoarch: fantastic, cult, lunatic fringe = $ -alien/space explanations -piltdown man hoax |
|
|
archaeology
|
the study of our human past, with analysis of material culture (adaptation and identity) and context, together forming the archaeological record
|
|
|
major milestones in the cenozoic era
|
-miocene: first humanlike thing
-pliocene: hominins -pleistocene: modern humans, climate change -holocene: agriculture, cities, industry, society |
|
|
types
|
-anthropological
-historical -biological -cultural -prehistoric -egyptology -biblical -classical -historical -industrial -underwater -maritime |
|
|
fieldwork
|
-surveys
-excavations -context -in situ: where it was found -provenience: place of origin -preservation: peat bogs/waterlogged, cold/hot/dry |
|
|
types of artifacts
|
-settlements/sites
-features (pits, hearths) -ecofacts (natural) -artifacts (stones, shell/bone, ceramics, metal, glass, textile) |
|
|
interpretation
|
-ethnography
-technology -economy -organization of society -hierarchy, religion/beliefs -pictograph: painted -petroglyph: carved |
|
|
Laetoli (SE Af)
|
-first footprints
-afarensis, bipedal -Leakey |
|
|
Hadar (NE Af)
|
-Lucy
-first family -afarensis -Johansen |
|
|
Olduvai (middle East)
|
-Leakey
-erectus/habilis -Oldowan tools |
|
|
dating
|
-relative: stratigraphy, seriation (style change), 2 age system SBI
-absolute: radio, dendrochronology, potass/argon, half life, isotopes |
|
|
tools
|
-Oldowan, Acheulean, Mousterian (neanderthals), Magdelanian (blades)
-percussion -flaking -core -hammerstone -flint knapping -bifacial |
|
|
homo erectus
|
-hand axe
-fire/cooking -Dmansi, Java Man, Zhoukadian, Turkana boy -change the world: environment/climate -home bases |
|
|
homo sapiens
|
-pop replacement/regional continuity
-Klasies River caves |
|
|
neander valley
|
-germany
-mousterian tools -cro magnon -burials -sophisticated culture |
|
|
goals of archaeology
|
-describe culture history
-reconstruct past lifeways -explain cultural processes -conserve/interpret the past |
|
|
elements of research
|
-design
-background -survey -excavation -lab analysis -intepretation -publication -conservation |
|
|
Neolithic Rev
|
-agriculture
-sedentism, social org., new technology, foundation for states -cultivation -domestication -herding -cereals, seeds, maize |
|
|
six primary centers of agriculture
|
-Near east (SW asia)
-China (E Asia) -Africa -mesoamerica -West Andes (E SA) -Eastern US |
|
|
hypotheses
|
-oasis: all life gathered, humans controlled it
-natural habitat: optimal areas -population pressure: need more food -affluent foragers: fenced in what they had, surplus (social/edge) |
|
|
fertile crescent/mesopotamia sites
|
-ain mallaha
-abu hureya: tells -jericho: round tower -catalholyuk: first city -gobekli tepe: Temple |
|
|
urban rev
|
-complex societies, civilization/state
-more pop/dense -full time specialists -surplus -taxes -monuments -writing -import raw materials/trade -dependent society members -government/organization -hierarchy/classes -armies/defense |
|
|
urban rev sites (NE above egypt: iran/q)
|
-Sumer
-Uruk -Ur -Mesop/fertile cres. had: -archaic text, cuneiform -cities -kings/classes -crafts/trade |
|
|
sumerian legacy
|
-first civilization, cities, writing
-org. religion, legal codes -new technology: wheel, plow, irrigation, metallurgy, arch, dome -hierarchy (shown in art and arch.) -broad network of trade |
|
|
civilization
|
-cities
-state org -labor specialization -stratification -surplus -monuments -art -trade -writing |
|
|
natufian culture
|
-ready for state level (before Neo. rev)
-sedentism, hunter-g, microliths -ain mallaha, jericho, abu hureya (gobekli tepe) |
|
|
stonehenge/megaliths
|
-menhir: stone standing up
-dolmen: house -henges: circles -gr britain -druids, imported bluestones |
|
|
elgin/parthenon marbles (Greece)
|
-controversy
-pericles: public projects: doric temple (parthenon) -ionic: athena -pediment: triangle -Frieze: big sculpture underneath -metope: picture, triglyph separates them |
|
|
egypt (NE af)
|
-egypt lower and upper (opp.)
-valley of the kings: lower (south) *NORTH: pyramids: khufu (biggest,boats) -khafre: sphinx, menkaure |
|
|
aegean in the bronze age (Greece)
|
-homer
-troy: priams treasure -mycenae: lions gate -ulburun: maritime/underwater, metals, trade -pompeii: snapshot of a typical town, ash preservation |
|
|
great zimbabwe (S Af)
|
-nationality/history denied
-many monuments -elite class: stone houses = zimbabwe -daga: mud/thatch, not preserved -crafts -trade -rhodes colossus: european colonization -who owns its past? |
|
|
Indus valley (just west of India)
|
-long distance trade
-standardization |
|
|
american sites (bayou, illinois, alabama, arizona/new m/colorado, CA, ontario, Ohio, NW)
|
-Hohokam: SW Arizona - Snaketown
-Mogollan: Ar/NM mountains -Ancestral Pueblo: Ar: high plateau, four corners, adobe -Monks mound, Cahokia (oldest, hub of exchange) illinois -Mound city: ohio -poverty point: bayou, Miss. valley river -Hopewell: mound city -Moundville: alabama, ceremonia complex -Ozette: NW, whaling, totem poles, petroglyphs -Draper: ontario, longhouses, iriquois |
|
|
Inca (w SA, Chile, the Andes)
|
-major centers: Sipan, Moche, Machu Picchu, Cuzco
-paved roads, suspension cables, knots, numerical system, textiles -El Paraiso: complex, coastal, large stone structures -Moche: sun/moon pyramids, ceremonial objects -nazca lines -Sipan: rituals, royal tombs, politics, pyramids -LOOTING |
|
|
Locations (Africa and Middle East)
|
-Hadar - NE Af
-Laetoli - SE Af -Olduvai - Middle East -Klasies/Swartkrans - South Af -Turkana: Kenya - E Af -Cro Magnon/Ain Mallaha/Mesopotamia/Eridu/Uruk/Ur/Fertile Crescent/Gobekli Tepe/Abu Hureya/Jericho - Israel/Syria (right next to Egpyt) -Catalhoyuk: Turkey, right above Syria/Egypt -Egypt (SOUTH) Valley of the Kings), Hier - middle of the Nile -PYRAMIDS: NORTH -Great Zim: SE Af |
|
|
Locations (Asia)
|
-Peking Man - Beijing: NE China
-Shang - NE China -Dongson/Dian - S China -Angkor - below China -Harappa/Mehrgarh/Mohenjo-Daro - left of India (Indus Valley) |
|
|
Locations (Europe)
|
-Neanderthal Valley - Germany
-Cro Magnon/Lascaux - France -Denmark -Greece (left of Turkey) -Rome/Pompeii -England/Ireland |
|
|
Locations (Americas)
|
-America/Canada: Ohio, Illinois, South, New M/Ari, CA, NW,
-Monte Verde - S Chile -Aztec - Mexico -Inca - Chile/Andes, West SA -Maya - lower Central Am, below Mexico -Olmec/Zapotec/Teno - above Maya |
