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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Definition of archaeology |
The study of the remnants of ancient people's material culture
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Definition of archaeological record |
Artifact: something that people messed with
Ecofact: the remnant of human behavior, not much modified
Features: something not portable
Sites: location
Changes to the natural environment |
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Types of formation processes
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Cultural: Natural: |
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Historic Archaeology |
The use of historical documents to locate and enrich the archaeological record |
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Prehistoric archaeology (3 points) |
The study of non-literate ancient societies Multi-disciplinary, integrates many techniques Documents human development in its entirety |
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Definition of culture |
Everything you think, do, and have |
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Definition of research strategy |
Specific questions you would like to answer or research aims you would like to achieve |
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Definition of archival research |
Information that is already known about the area or site (records, environment, history of previous work, maps, photographs) |
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Forms of survey |
Field walking Aerial survey Soil analysis (phosphate) Geophysical survey (magnetometer, electrical resistivity, GPR) |
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Types of excavation and descriptions (2 points) |
Horizontal: examine structures and layout Vertical: examine dating and history of site |
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Post-excavation |
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Types of dating and descriptions (3 points) |
Relative: determining the relative order of past events without necessarily determining their age Historical: icons are used to establish a date limit Absolute: the process of determining an age on a specified time scale |
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Willard Libby |
Introduced radiocarbon dating |
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The law of superpositioning |
Introduced by James Hutton In any sequence of rock or sediment which has not been overturned, the oldest is on the bottom and the youngest on the top. |
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Definition of context |
The relationship that artifacts have to each other and the situation in which they are found. |
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Definition of provenience |
An artifact's location in site |
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Jacob Jens Worsaae |
His excavations provided statigraphic evidence of the Three Age System. |
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Christian Jurgensen Thomsen (2 points) |
New concepts of indexing and cataloging materials Originally proposed the Three Age System |
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V. Gordon Childe (3 points) |
Beginning of Cultural-historical archaeology Wrote "The Dawn of European Civilization"
Thought of archaeology as narrative history with "archaeological cultures" |
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Lewis Binford (4 points) |
Called the "Father of New Archaeology" Applied the scientific method (objective knowledge) Emphasis on explanations Cultures as systems |
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Ian Hodder |
Post-Processual archaeology |
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Thomas Jefferson (2 points) |
Performed first scientific excavation Dug a trench through a Native American mound and recorded it in detail |
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Antiquarianism (5 points) |
Sought artifacts to be displayed and admired "Cabinets of Curiosity" Preserved landscapes now destroyed through pictures Created large assemblages of artifacts Relied heavily upon British mythology (Merlin, King Arthur, Druids, etc.) |
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New or Processual Archaeology |
There is one answer to everything and it can be found through scientific techniques |
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Post-processual archaeology |
Everything is subjective Some things can't be explained with science |
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Hawkes' ladder of inferences |
Technology Economy Social and political structure Religion and ritual |
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Scientific method (4 steps) |
1. Observe 2. Induce (hypothesis) 3. Deduce (if-then statement) 4. Test |
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Scientific method (4 rules) |
1. There is a real and knowable universe 2. The universe operates to certain understandable rules or laws 3. These laws are immutable 4. These laws can be discerned, studied, and understood by people through careful observation, experimentation, and research |
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Epistemology |
The study of knowing |
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Definition of technology |
Application of knowledge for a specific purpose in order to make life easier |
