Archaeology

Front 1

Quipu

Back 1

- Incas
- decimal recording system
- Thick cords with various thickness and colors, knots of different sizes and positions on the strings

Front 2

El Paraíso

Back 2

- Chillon Valley, Peru
- Late Preceramic & Initial Period
- Exc. By Frederic Engel (1965)
- Fully sedentary coastal site.
- Located for exploiting ocean and irrigation agriculture.
- Monumental architecture (quite early).
- Ceremonial function
- 9 large rubble filled platforms

Front 3

Maritime Hypothesis

Back 3

- What was the diet of these early coastal people?
- Michael Moseley (1975) — the diet of early sedentary inhabitants of western S. America (esp. El Paraíso) was largely dependent on marine resources (not agriculture). This set the stage for later Andean civilizations.
- Moseley refuted the belief that only agricultural societies could support civilizations

Front 4

Aspero

Back 4

- Peru
- Exc. by Gordon Willey and John Corbett (1941).
- Preceramic.
- Early Monumental Architecture
- Plant remains = agriculture (cotton, gourd, maize).
-complex social hierarchy
- Six platform mounds and other structures include rooms with artifacts, textiles, plant material, clay figurines, and feathers.

Front 5

Chavín de Huántar

Back 5

- Peruvian coast
- Excavated by Julio Tello.
- Largest site in this valley.
- Exhibits far flung connections with other regions.
- monumental architecture
- The New Temple or Castillo
-pottery
- Lanzón - carved a human figure with feline fangs and with snakes in place of hair

Front 6

Castillo

Back 6

- Chavin de Huantar
- 45 ft. high containing 3 interior levels
- Exterior façade of granite decorated with sculptures

Front 7

Chavín Horizon

Back 7

- The spread of the Chavin Horizon is interpreted as marking intensified trade and heightened competition between highland and coastal settlements in the later 1st mill. BC.
- Note that social and political differences precede the Chavin Horizon by centuries, unlike the Olmec of Mesoamerica, where the spread of the Olmec Horizon is contemporary to social and political differentiation.

Front 8

Moche

Back 8

- Peru
- The end of Chavin corresponds to the rise of the Moche
- The development of small local polities with distinct regional styles
- Two pyramids had separate functions
- Sun — domestic debris
- Moon — clean, upper structures decorated with murals
- makers marks - Pyramids built in sections with same marks.
- Mit’a — system of labor tribute (conscription) used by the later Inca (1000 years later). Also used in Moche irrigation.
irrigation works, its massive adobe temple-platforms, and for its pottery.
- Paintings and models of everyday life
- Typical subjects are soldiers leading captives and sexually specific scenes
- human sacrifice

Front 9

Quipu

Back 9

- Incas
- decimal recording system
- Thick cords with various thickness and colors, knots of different sizes and positions on the strings

Front 10

Maritime Hypothesis

Back 10

- What was the diet of these early coastal people?
- Michael Moseley (1975) — the diet of early sedentary inhabitants of western S. America (esp. El Paraíso) was largely dependent on marine resources (not agriculture). This set the stage for later Andean civilizations.
- Moseley refuted the belief that only agricultural societies could support civilizations

Front 11

Aspero

Back 11

- Peru
- Exc. by Gordon Willey and John Corbett (1941).
- Preceramic.
- Early Monumental Architecture
- Plant remains = agriculture (cotton, gourd, maize).
-complex social hierarchy
- Six platform mounds and other structures include rooms with artifacts, textiles, plant material, clay figurines, and feathers.

Front 12

Maker's Marks

Back 12

- Moche
- Moseley studied the symbols impressed into the bricks of the pyramids
- 100 such marks
- Pyramids built in sections with same marks.

Front 13

Mit'a System

Back 13

- Maker’s Marks indicates the early use of the System.
- labor tribute (conscription) used by the later Inca (1000 years later). Also used in Moche irrigation.
- Chan Chan irrigation

Front 14

Moche Sacrifice Ceremony

Back 14

- Christopher Donnan – Presentatoin Scene
- Central figure with helmet emanating rays associated with a dog and animated weapons
- Warrior slicing throat of bound captives; human-feline holds the captive
- Cup of blood brought to elite individual (presentation scene)

Front 15

Nazca Lines

Back 15

- Whale and Human Head (85 ft. long)
- Hummingbird (300 ft. long)
- created by the removal of surface stones to reveal the pale earth beneath.
- straight lines radiate to points in small hills and suggest a ceremonial function.

Front 16

Sipán

Back 16

- The Lambayeque Valley (124 miles north of the Moche Valley)
- Gold statue of a Moche warrior
- rich tombs
Salvage excavations directed by Walter Alva and Chris Donnan.
- Six stages of construction starting with a low flat platform
- Early unlooted stage dated to 300 AD

Front 17

Tiwanaku

Back 17

- Tiwanaku, Bolivia
- South end of Lake Titicaca
- large urban and ceremonial site
- Altiplano — high altitude steppe
- Founded 200-100 BC.
- Alt. 12, 600 ft.
- 400 AD, 1.5 sq. miles, pop. 25-40,000 people.
- City dominated the region until 1000-1200 AD.
- Artistic style spread over a wide area. – trade links with amazon jungle
- export potatoes, root crops, llamma products
- Akapana — stone-faced, stepped platform mound (655 ft. on a side, 50 ft. high)
- Kalasasaya
- Monumental precinct
- The central area has principal religious structures on a large rectangular plaza, a large U-shaped mound around a spring, and a monumental Gate of the Sun cut from a single block of stone.

Front 18

Gateway of the Sun

Back 18

- Tiwanaku
- Gateway forming part of the precinct called the Kalasasaya.
- Art similar to Chavin

Front 19

Chan Chan

Back 19

- Peru
- the capital of the Chimu empire, founded 800-900 AD in the Moche Valley
- Covered 8 sq. miles by the 15th century
- Core area covered 2.3 sq. miles
- Empire — Ecuador and Peru
- 10 Ciudadelas measure from 650 to 1950 ft. on a side.
- Residential areas and large storage facilities
- agricultural economy
- produced fine textiles, gold, silver, and copper
- 10 recorded kings of the Chimu
- Royal palaces
- Last phase of construction is always a burial platform inside the building.

Front 20

Split Inheritance

Back 20

- The constant construction of new palaces and the expansion of the irrigation system and the boundaries of the Chimu Empire suggest a particular form of inheritance was practiced among the Chimu rulers
- when the king died, his successor inherited the title of king, but none of the former king’s wealth.
- It was up to the new king to raise funds for the luxurious lifestyle befitting a powerful ruler.

Front 21

Machu Picchu

Back 21

- Cuzco, Peru
- fortress city
- very high levels of architecture requiring much engineering skill
- Summer estate for the emperor Pachakuti
- Incorporated icons of Inca cosmology
- First excavations: 1911, 1912, 1914

Front 22

Kallanka

Back 22

- Storage facilities (beer and textiles)
- The site could not feed itself

Front 23

Inca Highways

Back 23

- Essential for political and economic cohesion of diverse Inca Empire
- Domesticated llama (100 lbs)
- No wheeled transportation
- Incorporated earlier road systems
- Cuzco is hub
- Tampus network
- Permission to travel
- 4200 km north-south

Front 24

Tampus

Back 24

- Inca road system
- a way station, set a day’s travel apart & had storehouses and resthouses
- More elaborate way stations were located 4-5 days' travel apart.
- A runner (chaski) was stationed at each tambo for carrying messages in relays throughout the empire.

Front 25

Huánuco Pampa

Back 25

- Peruvian Andes
- Inca capital
- high-status residence, military garrison, and a compound probably for the `Chosen Women'.
- A Spanish census report allowed the archaeologists to identify the villages occupied by the various conquered groups who paid tribute to the Incas at Huánuco.
- Each local group had its own style of pottery and architecture, which did not occur in the Inca town.
- Imperial Inca styles of pottery and building were confined to Huánuco

Front 26

Mitmaq

Back 26

- A group of itinerant people who frequently moved over long distances
- The Inca used the establishment of colonies as a strategy for breaking up disloyal groups among rebellious ones
- were also used to colonize newly reclaimed land and to make it productive.

Front 27

Chimú

Back 27

- Peru
- South American Indians
- created the largest and most important political system – before the inca
- developed large scale irrigation system
- distinctive pottery, black, shape of people, animals, houses, and everyday items
- expanded by conquest
- capital: Chan Chan
- Conquered by Inca

Front 28

Ciudadelas

Back 28

- large rectangular enclosures found in mesoamerica
- dwellings of the ruling classes
- palaces of Chimu kings
- found in Chan Chan

Front 29

Cuzco

Back 29

- Peru
- political and religious capital of Inca Empire
- settled by Inca
- ceremonial center
- city planned on grid system

Front 30

Inca

Back 30

- South American Indians
- Capital: Cuzco
- An efficient road system
- Kallanka - Storage facilities (beer and textiles)
- worshiped the sun
- fine quality stone masonry, agricultural terracse, mass produced and standardized pottery, metal objects
- quipu
- agriculture & domesticated animals
- Fine textiles
- Inca Army
- Huanuco Pampa - An Incan administrative center
- The civilization was the largest and most powerful political unit in all the prehistoric America.

Front 31

Manco Capac

Back 31

- first king of the Kingdom of Cuzco
-`Son of the Sun', worshipped as a god in his own lifetime. - As a divine king he was above the law, and as a despotic ruler he was very much the political head of the state.

Front 32

Chicha

Back 32

- any variety of fermented beverage. It can be made of maize, manioc root, or fruits
- Inca used it for ritual purposes and consumed it in vast quantities during religious festivals.
- Mills in which it was probably made were found at Machu Picchu.