Archaeology

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Mesolithic

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"middle stone age"
-dietary change
-tech. adv.
-increased pop, and cultural organization.

Sites:
-Vedbaek, Vanget Nord, star carr, elands bay cave, de hangen, nittans.

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Archaic

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term used for early holocene in Americas from 6000-1000 B.C.

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Neolithic

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Period of time of early farmers with domesticated plants and animals, polished stone tools, permanent villages, and often pottery; the New Stone Age

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Domestication

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Taming of wild plants and animals by humans.

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Agriculture

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animals, livestock

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Hunter-gatherer

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A hunter of large wild animals and gatherer of wild plants, seafood, and small animals, as opposed to farmers and food producers.

Advantages:
-Less risky than farming
-better health
-less effort

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Egalitarian

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Societies lacking clearly defined status differences between individuals.

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Clovis

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An archaeological culture during the Paleoindian period in North America, defined by a distinctive type of fluted point.

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Folsom

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younger than clovis. larger flutes.
lindenmeier colorado site. Bison mainly.

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Fluted Point

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type of point that fits the stick. used for big game

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Pleistocene mega-fauna

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big extinct animals

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Jomon

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Archaeological culture of late pleistocene and early holocene japan; hunter gatherers but recent evidence suggests that these groups were practicing some rice cultivation.

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Natufian

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Mediterranian culture. Mainly in israel. before introduction of agriculture.

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Beringia Land Bridge

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Land bridge joined Alaska and Siberia. 11,000-13,000
Old sites:
Monte Verde

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Coastal migration route

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North West Coast. Miltiple migrations theory-->lack of evidence.

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Transatlantic route

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Iberia. 16,500 ya-->lack of evidence.

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Kennewick man

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9000 year old man found in washington state.

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Tell

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A mound of mud bricks and refuse, accumulated as a result of human activity. The mound of Jericho builds up.

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NAGPRA

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Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

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population pressure hypothesis

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Lewis Binford's theory that population in creased in Southwest Asia upset the balance between ppl and food, forcing ppl to turn to agriculture as a way to produce more food.

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Oasis Hypothesis

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theory about the origins of agriculture associated with V. Gordon childe. suggesting that domestication began as a symbiotic relationship between humans, plants, and animals at oases during the desiccation of Southwest Asia at the end of the pleistocene.

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Social hypothesis

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-Accumulation of food surplus
-transformation of food surplus in valuable items
-therefore agriculture was the means by which social organization occured.

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Edge hypothesis

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population pressure and margins of fertile crescent . After 10,000 bc- all habitable areas are occupied.
-population grows.
-cultivate land and domesticate animals to survive.

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natural habitat hypothesis

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Bradwood- fertile crescnet
-earliest domesticates should appear where their wild ancestors lived.
-evidence from farming village

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Teosinte

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A tall annual grass, native to Mexico and Cen. Amer. closest relative of maize.

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Three sisters

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maize, beans, squash.

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Goosefoot

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type of crop

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Marsh elder

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any of various composite plants of the genus Iva, as I. frutescens, that grow in salt marshes. Native to north America.

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Bruce Smith

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recalibrated plant dating.

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Tom Dillehay

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excavated monte verde, and challenged the clovis theory.

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James Adovasio

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worked with gender. and meadowcroft.

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Lewis Binford

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leader of new archaeology movement.

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v. gordon childe

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excavated neolithic sites
had marxist views
coined neolithic revolution.

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David Meltzer

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origins, antiquity, and adaptations of the first Americans (Paleoindians), who colonized the North American continent at the end of the Pleistocene (Ice Age). I seek to understand how these hunter-gatherers met the challenges of moving across and adapting to the vast, initially unknown, ecologically diverse, landscape of Late Glacial North America, during a time of significant climate change.

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james chatters

Back 35

examined kennewick man.

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william ritchie

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coined the word 'Archaic' for prehistoric hunter-gatherer sites in upstate New York

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Richard MacNeish

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Tehuacán Project, Mexico. There he found evidence for "the oldest maize, the oldest squash and bottle gourds, the oldest chile peppers and beans, the oldest tomatoes and avocados, the oldest New World cotton, the oldest domestic dogs and turkeys, and the oldest Mexican honey bees,"

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Lindenmeier

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colorado site known mostly for its Folsom component

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Black water draw

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clovis type site

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meadowcroft rockshelter

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in southwestern Pennsylvania, United States. Meadowcroft Rockshelter, a rock shelter in a bluff overlooking Cross Creek
James adovasio
Meadowcroft Rockshelter is the oldest known Native American cultural site.

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monte verde

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Chile, site dated about 12,500 ya
-challenges clovis first hypothesis.
-dillehay

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Vedbaek

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denmark
-woman and child buried

-The child's gravegoods suggest that the culture involved ascribed status - the passing of power between generations
-cemetary

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Vaenget Nord

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brief occupation
ceremonial burial
hearths, pits, construction stove. distribution of flint.
tools - adzes, arrrowheads, burins, small specialized camp, focus on activities.
lot of woodmaking

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star carr

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north yorkshire, england
and roe deer, elk, aurochs and wild boar

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elands bay cave

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S. Africa eavated by john parkington.
seasonal occupations
mouth of the vlie river
shell midden.

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De hangen

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Natufian settlement built and settled circa 10,000–8,000 BCE. The site is located in Northern Israel, and is in an area surrounded by hills and located by an ancient lake, Lake Huleh. The inhabitants are known to have eaten gazelle, fallow deer, wild boar, red and roe deer, hare, tortoise, reptiles, and fish

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sannai maruyama

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jomon sit3e

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abu hureyra

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It has been cited as showing the earliest known evidence of agriculture anywhere. It is located on a plateau near a south bank of the Euphrates River

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jericho

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west bank

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catalhaoyuk

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in turkey