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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
anthropology
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the study of humanity
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biological/physical anthropology
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the study of human biological or physical characteristics and thier evolution
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cultural/social anthropology
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the study of the nonbiological, behavioral aspects of a society
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ethnography
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the study of an individual contemporary cultures through firsthand observation
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ethnology
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the study of modern cultures with a view to deriving general principles about human society
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archaeology
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the study of the human past through its material remains
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Linguistics
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studying human language as a way of understanding a culture
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Material culture
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everything made and used in the daily life of a culture
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ethnoarchaeology
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the study of contemporary cultures with a view to understanding the behavioral relationships which underlie the production of material culture
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THree Age System
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a classification system by C.J. Thomsen that establishes the idea of ordering things into sequences
1)Stone 2) Bronze 3) Iron |
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Typology
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arranging artifacts in chronological or developmental sequences
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Direct Historical Approach
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attempt to trace a modern phenomenon directly into the past
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Assemblage
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a collection of artifacts
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cultural ecology
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the relationship between human society and its environment, in which culture is viewed as the primary adaptive mechanism
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New Archaeology
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a new approach advocated in the 1960s which argued for an explicitly scientific framework of archaeological method and theory
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salvage archaeology
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the location and recording of archaeological sites in advance of highway construction, drainage projects, or urban development
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Postprocessual/interpretive archaeology
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a new approach in which there is no single, correct way to interpret archaeological remains
-objectivity is impossible - interest in cognition and religion |
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androcentrism
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a focus on men, often to neglect or exclude women
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artifact
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any portable object used, modified, or made by humans
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ecofact
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non-artificial, organic and environmental remains which have cultural relevance
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Feature
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a non-portable artifact
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site
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a distinct spatial clutering of artifacts, features, structures and environmental and organic remains which are the residue of human activity
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region
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sites grouped and studied together with their surrounding landscape
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matrix
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the physical material within which artifacts are embedded or supported
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provenience
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the exact horizontal and vertical position of an artifact in the matrix
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primary context
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area in which no one disturbed the item from the time it was used
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secondary context
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area where the item was placed by someone after being removed from primary context
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c-transform
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(cultural transform)
deliberate or accidental activities of humans |
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N-transform
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natural processes that effect the record
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hoard
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a deliberately-buried group of valuables or prized posessions
-often in times of conflict or war -have not been reclaimed |
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peat bog
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important environment for wetland archaeology that is made up of decomposing vegetable matter , in northern latitude, that creates a sealed area
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research design
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systematic planning of archaeological research strategy to answer a certain question
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ground reconaissance
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a wide variety of methods for identifying individual archaeological sites, including consultation of documentary sources, place-name evidence, local folklore; but primarily actual fieldwork
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unsystematic survey
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walking and scanning the ground of a site and recording the location of artifacts and surface features
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systematic survey
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less subjective scan of a site involving a grid system and more accuracy
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aerial reconaissance
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site discovery from air or space
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earthworks
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things viewed in relief from aerial reconaissance
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soil marks
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changes in subsoil color that reveal the presence of buried things
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crop marks
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changes in areas of crop growth that show evidence for buried things
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oblique view
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shows sites in the context of landscape
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vertical view
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better for making maps and plans
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planimetric map
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shows the human remains of a site, and relates human-made features
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GIS
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geographic information systems
map-based interface to a database designed for collection , storage, and retrieval, analysis, and display of spatial data |
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GPR
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ground penetrating radar
measures the depth of changes in ground through pulses of sound |
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stratigraphy
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vertical layers of soil to see time ; used as relative dating
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Law of Superposition
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states that , where one layer overlies another, the lower was deposited first
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wheeler- kenyon method
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method of excavation in which squares are dug out, with baulks in between to see the vertical history
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open-area excavation
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the opening up of large horizontal areas for excavation; used where single period deposits lie close to the surface
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step-trenching
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excavation method used on very deep sites (tells) in which excavation proceeds downward in a series of gradually narrowing steps to see the remains of every time period
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in situ
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describes an artifact in the context of where it was found
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relative dating
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the idea that something is older or younger than something else; putting things into sequence
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absolute dating
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putting an exact date/year on an artifact
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BC/BCE
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before common era
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AD/CE
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common era
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BP
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before present (present is 1950)
used in radio carbon dating |
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association
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co-occurence with something else in the archaeological remains
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seriation
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chronological ordering of artifacts in which similar ones are adjacent to one another
-frequency seriation -linguistic dating -climatic chronology |
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pollen
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the grain flowering plants; used to date
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fauna
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bone
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stele
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an engraved stone that is standing with an absolute date
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terminus post quem
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date after which
-no earlier, could be later |
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terminus ante quem
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date before which
-no later, could be earlier |
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varve
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a deposit of sediment that results from melting ice sheets every year
(only works in certain areas) |
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dendrochronology
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dating using tree rings
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radiocarbon dating
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nethod that measures the decay of radioactive isotope in carbon in organic material
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half-life
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how long it takes for one half of a sample to decay
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standard deviation
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a measure of the range of values in a set of numbers
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potassium-argon dating
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method used to date volcanic rocks up to 5mill. yrs old
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global events
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catastrophes that affect a large part of the globe
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Australopithecines
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earliest hominids, found in africa
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