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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Homo Sapiens Sapiens
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Modern Day Humans, emerged 125,000 - 95,000 years ago
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Homo Sapiens
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Emerged 130,000 years ago
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Written Language
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Emerged 5,500 years ago
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Prehistory
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Any culture without written language
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Agricultural Revolution
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15,000 to 10,000 years ago, domestication of animals and crops, led transition from hunter/gatherer life toward sedentary life with development of cities, most important development in human history, middle east domesticated wheat and barley as well as sheep, 14,000 to 12,000 years ago china domesticated rice, dogs domesticated 10,000 years ago for hunting and companionship,
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*Catalhoyuk
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Dates to 7,400 BC, Beginnings of urban life, now in present day Turkey, one of earliest towns/cities known to archeology, features an organic pattern of development, incrementally growing over time without streets, courtyards were prevalent for waste purposes, access accomplished via the rooftops, at least 18 layers of housing have been discovered, 3000-8000 inhabitants, all houses built freestanding with only an inch clearing between buildings in some cases,
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Homo erectus
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standing man, began building 400,000 to 300,000 years ago, building only used seasonally according to agriculture, and nomads built them typically in a 20' oval shape
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Architectural Evolution
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50,000 years ago, cro-magnon dwellings made of bones
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Wall and Ceiling Drawings
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Most important around 15,000 years ago, discovered in the 1930's (glass cove), used bulges in wall to signify musculature of animals, used crushed rock mixed with animal fat for paint, paint blows through hollow bones as first airbrush, great deal of effort used to preserve the drawings deep in the caves, might relate to religion or magic, typically depicted non-prey animals
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Chauvet Cave
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early fossilized footprints found
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Jerf el-Ahmar
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Neolithic site, 12000 years old, located in Syria, other Neolithic sites built by the Anasazi in 12000 AD very similar yet unrelated
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Neolithic
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pertaining to the last phase of the stone age
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Taos
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Started in the late 1800's, used similar principles as Catalhoyuk, one large room with side chambers, source of obsidian close by, city employed workers and domesticated legumes, used timber frames with mud covering as roof, interior of building covered with plaster creating a seal from the outside, Interiors adorned with paint and patterns with bullhorns, originally thought to be shrines, Individual rooms had elevated platforms, burial sites were found under platforms, all burials were segregated by sex, when house was worn out walls were cut and pushed in forming a base for the new dwelling to build on, this procedure well preserves the area
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Longhouse
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Roughly 8,000 BC
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Celtic Housing
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Log cabin technique, Semi-subterranean providing more insulation with less materials
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Harrapan Civilization
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3,500 BC, located in modern day Pakistan, centered on the Indus river, comprised of at least 1,500 towns and 6 metropolises
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*Moenjo-Daro
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(2400-1900 BC) City of the Harrapan Civilization, part of the earliest cities at the time to use a grid system for planning, streets as wide as 30 feet, streets very worn with temporary market stalls located on outer edges of streets, courtyard type house arranged around and interior patio with one solid wall facing street predominantly used, used water delivery and sewage disbursement system, made from bricks baked to make semi-waterproof, Western side of city had an elevated Civic center (major bath buildings), first use of Asphalt, lots of seals discovered hinting towards a written language, Aryan infiltration from north proved to be downfall
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Bitumen
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a viscous, black, sticky mixture of organic liquids, naturally occurring asphalt
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Megalith
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Giant stone
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Menhir
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large upright standing stone, arranged individually or in groups
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Carnac
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Northern France, 4000 stones arranged in patterns dating back to 2500 BC, largest standing stones dating back to 4500 BC
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Barrows
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circular round or long, internal structure made of stone, often comprised of burial chambers for important people, round barrows used for individuals, stoned carved with tools that were also made of stone, consists of three or more upright stones with a horizontal capstone, never meant to be seen as just stone, always were covered with earth
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Dolmen
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a type of single chamber megalithic tomb,
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Tumuli
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Giant mounds of earth
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*Great Tumulus Tomb at Newgrange
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Location: Newgrange, Ireland, built around 3500 BC, diameter of 300 feet with 60 foot passageway opening p to 36 foot high area, outside of tumulus are many triple spirals, southern wall built from white quartz stone (side that always get sun) with round balls scattered throughout the wall, there is a light box located above the door which always remains open, clay mixed with oxblood for water tightness (water percolates down specifically placed stones), on the winter solstice sun travels through light box and completely lights interior for about 15 minutes, used for burials and reburials for about 500 years, from 2350-2000 BC tumulus surrounded by stone and wood henge
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*Stonehenge
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Salisbury, England, 3100-1550 BC, circular megalith, research shows that it could have been used to make astronomical observations and calculations, aligned with the sun on the summer solstice and briefly on the winter solstice
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*Stonehenge (Period I)
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3100-2975 BC, great ditch built on a layer of chalk, 56 holes later replaced with cremated remains
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*Stonehenge (Period II)
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2900-2450 BC, stones coming from 150 miles away weighing up to 4 tons, added central horseshoe shape first hint of current day architecture
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*Stonehenge (Period IIIa)
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Stones weighing upwards of 55 tons called trilons (Pi shape), gives the final circular Stonehenge shape
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Durington Walls/ Woodhenge
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two great henges made of wood, theory is that wood is for the living and stone is for the dead
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Silvery Hill
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2800 BC, most massive structure until the 1900's BC
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Geoglyph
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drawings on the ground, typically underneath soil is a layer of chalk, usually built on hilltop
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Mesopotamia
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Between the Tigris and Euphrates (the fertile crescent), produced natural wheat and barley along with easily domesticated cattle and sheep, around 3500 BC the area developed into independent city-states with shared language religion and writing,
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Cuneiform
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Developed by Sumerians, written with a stick on a clay tablet
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*White Temple
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Located in Uruk, 3200-2600 BC, Made of adobe bricks on platform, Towers over city built on relatively flat plain, Battered wall (sloped wall of platform), Actual temple houses gods and holds visitors to the gods, Cone mosaics – pegs inlaid on adobe plaster, walls around temple separated temple from everyday, these elevated temples evolved into ziggurats
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*City of Ur
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2100-2000 BC, Surrounding wall with moat (located by Euphrates), Found oldest existing harps, Residential area use courtyard style building increasing privacy, Houses grew in stories to account for waste buildup, organic growth
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*Ziggurat
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Stepped pyramid, the top was where it was believed man and god came together
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*Ziggurat of Ur-Nammu
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2100-2000 BC, corners on cardinal points (N,S,E,W), Walls bow out slightly, 8 foot thick Venir of adobe brick, weep holes allowed moisture to escape, had gardens on rooftop example hanging gardens of Babylon, Hammurabi’s eye for an eye apple to other things
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Khorsabad
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Occupied by the Assyrians (northern mesopotamia), King Sargon II built his heavily fortified imperial complex here around 700 BC,
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Babylon
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built after the babylonians rose up against the assyrians around 7th century BC, double set of fortified walls large enough for chariots to ride across, Paved streets with plans, Interior distance of 11 miles
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Ishtar gate
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Part of Babylon, 600 BC, Blue glazed brick adorned wall, Walls extended up to 3 stories below ground surface, Underground was still ornamented
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Persians
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Located in modern day Iran, Conquered Babylon,
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*Parsa (AKA Persepolis)
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(500-450 BC) Established large bureaucracy and road system, Temples in Parsa had extremely large interiors, one of four major persian palaces, planned around courtyards and generally square halls with columns supporting the roof, city made from mud and brick, no depictions of war in city,
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*Hypostyle Halls
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Inspired by egyption prototypes, rooms underneath columns,
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Skeuomorph
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translation of one form into another
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Egypt
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mostly radical society, world's first nation state, ruled by 30 dynasties over 3000 years
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Three Periods of Ancient Egyptian History
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Old Kingdom (2700-2150 BC)
Middle Kingdom (2150-1800 BC) New Kingdom (1550-1100 BC) |
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Cleopatra
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Last native born Pharoah, actually Greek
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The Nile River
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Flows south to north with wind blowing north to south, allowing for transportation both ways
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Thebes
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Upper Egypt
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Memphis
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Lower Egypy (Modern day Cairo)
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*Mastaba
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Seen in the dead city, Necropolis; mud brick tombs; evolved into pyramids
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*Saqqara
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2680-2630 BC; earliest pyramid found here at the funerary complex of Pharaoh Djoser,
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Imhotep
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prime minister of Djoser; first recorded architect, designed the funerary complex of Djoser; worshiped like a god
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Great Stepped Pyramid
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Not a ziggurat; actually a mastaba
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*Great Pyramids of Giza
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built for the burials of pharoahs Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure between 2600 and 2500 BC,
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Great Pyramid of Khufu
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Tallest of the Great Pyramids at 481 feet, 51 degree slope, perfect square to within 15 mm, has three tombs
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Great Pyramid of Khafre
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Started building before Khufu was finished, limestone blocks weigh an average of 2 tons each, 2.3 million blocks in total
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Electrum
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alloy of gold and silver that covered the tops of pyramids
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Great Pyramid of Menkaure
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203 feet tall, clad in pinkish granite
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Middle and New Kingdom
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Shifted away from monumental pyramids. Pharaonic tombs were cut into the sides of cliffs
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*Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut
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Dates: 1500 BC
Location: Thebes Architect: Senenmut Hapshetsut was daughter of tut moses; First female; Brother died; Becomes Pharaoh; Takes on manlike qualities, breasts dissapear, beard emerges |
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*Temple of Amun-Re, Karnak
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Date: 1500 - 1200 BC
Location: Thebes large temple complex used for religious rituals, 10 great pylon gates |
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*Pylons
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Come in pairs; represent cliffs;
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Minoans
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Centered on Crete, immigrates from Asia Minor, Agriculture predominantly of olive and wheat, Religion said god inhabited columns, rocks, even people, No representaions of war but only peaceful activities, built complres and colorful "palaces"
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*Knossos
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Crete, 2000-1500 BC, Great palace around large open courtyard, Palace very complicated and confusing, Multistory with light wells, Took advantage of views, Oriented with mountain (sacred shrines found), Columns tapered outwards, Source for legend of the Minotaur, First throne in European history found
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Mycenaeans
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located on mainland Greece; took over the Minoans in 1450 BC after many natural disasters left the minoans weak; were a more militaristic culture;
built towns on mountaintops as citadels which were fortified by enormous boulders; culture collapsed in 1050 BC |
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Citadel of Tyrnes
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fortified walls, idea of central plaza, tapered columns
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Megalons
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Gable roof, throne room, no separate temples
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Mycenae
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Ruled by Agamemnon; built on steep cliff close to see; Tholos tomb of Agamemnon - Circular, corbelled dome, Rivals Newgrange tumulus, Man made mound
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*Treasury of Atreus
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Date: 1250 BC
Location: Mycenae tholos tomb with corbelled, conical domes |
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Archaic Period
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Greek, 700-480 BC, early phase of revived greek tradition, wooden temples with colonnades are built and then gradually replaced by temples of stone, doric and ionic orders were gradually developed and refined
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1st Olympiad
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Date: 776 BC
Location: Delphi on hillside Sacred to Gata, oracle; Developed slowly incrementally overtime, without plan |
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Sinoisis
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Growing without a plan
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Agora
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Large public square; beginning of large pedestrian passageway
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Stoa
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long multipurpose building
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Priene
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350 BC; Built according to hippodamean principles; River filled with silt; Steep site for defense; East/west streets broad; North/south streets actually stairways; Acropolis above city on cliff; Free men could vote
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Theater in Priene
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Took advantage of steep incline; built for ethics lessons and entertainment; open air; built to natural hillside; Parts include orchestra and proskenion; accoustcally perfect
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Temples
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Buildings erected on a base (doma); originally long with steeped gable roofs, dry stone masonry walls
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Doric
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From mainland; First to emerge; From skeuomorph; Possibly derived from wood
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Ionic
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From coast of Aegean sea; Continuous Frieze; Dentils – teeth like square blocks; Egg and dart molding
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Corinthian
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From Corinth; Popular late with the Romans
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Correto
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Molding on the base of a column
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Geometric Period
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Period before the Archaic Period
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*Koros
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standing male nude statues, inspired by the egyptians
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*Acropolis
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Natural Rising Hill, Mycenaean citadel; the four surviving structures are:
Parthenon (447-432 BC) - commissioned by Pericles and designed by Iktinus, sculpture by Phidias Propylaea gate (437-432 BC) - Mnesicles - gateway straddles final incline Erechtheion (421 - 405 BC) - architect unknown - no two sides alike, ionic bluish marbie, two different levels with three roofing levels Athena Nike (421-415 BC) - Kallikrates |
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*Temple of Apollo (the healer)
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Date: 300 BC
Location: Didyma (present day Turkey) Designed by Paeonius and Daphnis For lifting plague; 6 columns across front 15 across side; North/South orientation; Built by Iktinus; First building that combines all three orders; Best preserved Athenian Monument |
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Hellenism
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Greekism, period of time and art when Alexander the Great spread Greek Culture around the world
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Alexander the Great
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Tutored by Aristotle, son to Phillip of Macedonia, crowned Pharaoh
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