Arch Exam 2

Front 1

Describe the Neolithic Revolution

Back 1

neolithic=new stone age, characterized by stone age farmers

Front 2

When did food production first emerge

Back 2

first emerged in SW Asia (especially in the fertile crescent region of iraq) about 10,000 BC

Front 3

Who were the natufians?

Back 3

defined cultural conditions associated with the first farmers

Front 4

What was V. Gordon Childe’s theory?

Back 4

fertile oasis theory
Early theory
severe droughts brought plants, animals, and humans together into small oases
result: starvation
solution: intensify food production, (i.e. plant cultivation and animal domestication

Front 5

What was Robert braidwood’s theory?

Back 5

H/G’s are receptive to new food production tech
early H/G’s in Iraq (natufian) experimented with cultivation and domestication in fertile hilly flanks region of Zagros mountains

Front 6

What was the Food crisis or population pressure theory ?

Back 6

• population pressure prevents mobility and forces hg’s to become sedentaery
• result: starvation
• solution : Plant cultivation and animal domestication

Front 7

What was Barbara Benders theory?

Back 7

social and economic pressure
o increased trade and political alliances spurred production of surplus goods, including agricultural goods

Front 8

Describe Natufian culture

Back 8

10 BC to 8.5 BC in mesopotamia
 sedentary population
 lived be3tween coastal plains and hills in order to exploit food resources in different exological zones
 about 9 BC, dryer climate reduced wild food resources, which forced natufian peoples to cultivate cereals
• stone sickle blades
• mortars, pestiles, storage jars
• burnt barley seeds

Front 9

Describe Braidwoods theory of the importance of beer?

Back 9

o Braidwood later speculated that the stone artifacts found at natufian sites could have been used for brewing beer
o desire for beer led to selective experimentation with barley
o experimentation with surplus barley led to bread making
o bread fed large sedentary populations
o larger pop became socially complex
o thus, the desire for beer may have spurred the rise of world civilization

Front 10

What is the materialist argument for beer?

Back 10

beer is high in calories and vitamin B

Front 11

What was the idealist argument for beer?

Back 11

reduce anxiety, spirituality, facilitate communication with spiritual world, Power, Define group identity, Romans vs. Gerlman Barbarians, reduce accountability

Front 12

It is a cave site 8.75 – 6.67 BC where Ancient squash and maize seeds were found?

Back 12

Guila Naquitz, Mexico

Front 13

Describe what we know about animal domestication so far.

Back 13

s.w. asia 8 BC, sheep and goats, symbiotic relationships, By-products, Wool, milk

Front 14

Descirbe the Kebran peoples?

Back 14

•pre-natufian HG’s 11 BC
•mediterranean coast
•hunted gazelle, foraged cereal grasses, harvested nuts
•set fire to grasses to encouage new growth and attract herds

Front 15

Explain how HG's might of accidentally discovered how to exploit cereal grasses.

Back 15

a.hg’s tapped cereal grasses into baskets
b.tapping broke the brittle joint between the seed and plant stem
c.the joint is known as a Rachis
d.seeds with weak rachis were removed from the gene pool while seeds with tough rachis bremained fro next years crop

Front 16

Describe how HG's might of selected grains.

Back 16

a.mutant seed with tough rachis selected and cultivated
b.eventually tough rachis dominate fields while wild cereals grasses

Front 17

Describe the Netiv Hagdud site

Back 17

Tel, a mound or hill created by human depostion
allong the Jordan river valley in Israel (E. Meditteranean)
Pop of 100-200
Harvested wild cereals with flint sickles
stored surplus grain in small circular storage bins on the site
the site reflects early farming
•emphasis on single plant species, barley

Front 18

Describe the Abu Hureyra site.

Back 18

Along Euphrates river in syria
•3-stage transition to farming
•first stage: 10.5-10 BC
•HG’s hunted gazelle and forage for wil cereal grasses
•Second stage: 10 BC -9 BC
•settled community
•300-400
•HARVESTED WILD CEREALS WITH FLINT SICKLES
•Emphasis on barley, einkorn wheat and lentils
•Third phase: 9-6.5 BC
•Large sedentary settlement 30 acres
•multi room structures made of mud-brick, with polished black plaster floors
•herded domesticated sheep and goats

Front 19

Describe the physical evidence found in Abu Hureyra

Back 19

•Skeletal remains tell us about the specific tasks people perform
•study of 162 skeletons from abu Hureyra
•Enlarged upper vertebrae in the neck
ocarrying heavy loads on their heads
•Forward ankle facets indicated repetitive squattinng

Front 20

Describe the settlement of Jericho

Back 20

•Very large settlement covering almost 10 acres
o jericho spring
o stone tower
o massive walls (perhaps for defense against enemies)
•beehive-shaped houses
•buried their dead under house floors
•sometimes severed the head of the deceased and buried it with a cache of skulls
•using plaster they sometimes recreated the face of the deceased on the skull, which they painted
o suggests the people of jericho had some elaborate form of ancestor worship

Front 21

Describe the settlement of Jarmo

Back 21

 indepentdent development
• no influence form Med. coast
• less fertile soil
 permanent hellside village
 mud-brick houses
 storage bins and clay ovens
 barley, emmer wheat seeds
 sheep and goat bones
• few wild animal species indicating hunting had declined in importance
 flint sickle blades and grinding stones
 trade in turquoise, seashells, etc

Front 22

Describe the Hacilar site

Back 22

 modern turkey
• cappadocian mountains
 rectangular houses with courtyards
 hearths
 barley and emmer wheat
 wild animals species
 no domesticated animals, except dogs

Front 23

Describe the Catalhayuk site

Back 23

 7.3 BC
• Cappadocian mountains
 great mound works
 Defensive walls
• mud brick construction
 great artwork of symbolic life
• paintings and sculpture
o women, bulls, childbirth, shamanistic scenes
 shrines
 center of the obsidian trade
• spectographic analysis show that obsidian from the region has turned up at hundred of arch sith in the med. and mesopotamian regions