Arch 131 Final Flash Cards

Front 1

define plesimorphic and apomorphic trait

Back 1

Plesimorphic trait: primitive trait like feet in chimps

Apomorphic trait: new trait that first appear in a specie

Front 2

When we think the chimps and hominins diverged?

Back 2

Miocene Period (25-5.3 mya)

Front 3

Quaternary Period

Back 3

Pleistocene and Holcene period

Front 4

5 traits distinguishing habilis from rudolfensis

Back 4

Rudolfensis has:

1. a larger brain

2. a smaller brow ridge (supraorbital torus)

3. longer, flatter face

4. larger cheek teeth

5. post orbital constriction

Front 5

3 characteristics distinguishing H habilis for Australopithecine

Back 5

1. increased crainal capacity

2. smaller teeth overall

3. advanced precision grip

Front 6

Why big brain (encephlization) ?

Back 6

1. socialization: natural selection and complex socialization hyper-cooperation

2. language: cooperate hunting and shared group, dissembling

Front 7

Theories on Bipedalism

Back 7

1. Tool use

2. Males provisioning females

3. Thermoregulation: reduced body area direct exposure under the sun

4. Efficiency of locomotion

Front 8

Reduced hair cover

Back 8

1. Invention of clothing

2. Transpiration in hot african enviroment

3. hyper- efficient thermoregulation physiology

Front 9

Role of hunting on human evolutionary past

Back 9

1. Bipedallism and tool use

2. Encephalization: hunting requires more social complex communication

3. Division of labor

4. Reduced canines

5. Food sharing

6. Increased hominin body size

7. Expensive tissure hypothesis

Front 10

What are the basic cranial and post-cranial characteristics of Homo erectus? (6)

Back 10

1 thick cortical bone

2 thick cranial bone

3 taurodontism: enlarged pulp cavity in molars

4 postorbital constriction

5 heavy brow ridge

6 alveolar prognatism: projecting lower face

Front 11

What is the site with the earliest evidence of Homo erectus leaving Africa?

Back 11

Dmanisi, Georgia

Front 12

How did Homo erectus cross water boundaries?

Back 12

Lower sea levels permitted terrestrial movementaccidental rafting

Front 13

What are the basic cultural chronologies of Africa and Eurasia?

Back 13

In Africa: Late, Middle(250 kya) and Upper Stone age

.

In Eurasia: Late, Middle(250 kya) and Upper Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic

Front 14

What are the five major stage in the evolution of stone tools?

Back 14

1 Oldowan Technology

2 Acheulian Technology

3 Prepared Core Technology

4 Blade Technology

5 Microlith Technolog

Front 15

Oldowan Technology

Back 15

simple chopping tools and sharp unmodified flakescrude handaxes later

Front 16

Acheulian Technology

Back 16

True handaxes

Front 17

Prepared Core techology

Back 17

Levallois technology of removing flakes in systematic manner

Front 18

Blade Technology

Back 18

Long narrow blade with cutting edges

Front 19

Microlith Technology

Back 19

small blades used to form composite tools

Front 20

What are the advantages provided by prepared core technology?

Back 20

1 standardization of product2 specific shaped product like narrow blades and points3 increased economical use of stone4 versatility

Front 21

What are three of the oldest known sites of hominin remains found in europe?

Back 21

1 Orce, Spain2 Ceprano, Italy3 Gran Dolina and Sima del Elefante, Spain

Front 22

Paleomagnitism

Back 22

change in polarity of earth throughout history allows for accurate dating of iron found in sites

Front 23

What can be learned from the remains at Sima de los Huesos? (5)

Back 23

1 large number of bones suggests humans traversed area

2 odd age profile suggests funeral ritual

3 right handedness implies brain structure

4 wear on teeth indicates use as tools and care

5 enamel hypoplasia indicates nutritional stress

Front 24

What are four things we know for sure about Neandertals?

Back 24

1 they evolved in europe from Homo erectus

2 they rarely left europe

3 disappeared 30,000 years ago

4 are not ancestors of modern humans

Front 25

What are the 3 early AMH sites?

Back 25

1 Florisbad/Klasie River, SA

2 Omo Kibish/Herto Bouri, Ethiopia

3 Jebel Irhoud, Morocco

Front 26

What are the 2 later AMH sites?

Back 26

1 Cro-Magnon, France

2 Qafzeh/Mount Carmel sites, Israel

Front 27

What are the implications of adjacent Neandertal and AMH discovered in Israel? (3)

Back 27

1 coexisted and used same sites

2 exchanged genes

3 used similar tools, cognitive ability

Front 28

Complete Replacement or Out of Africa Hypothesis

Back 28

1 AMH evolved 250K to 500K BP in Africa

2 spread after 100K

3 between 50K and 30K replaced all other hominin species

4 can trace DNA to single woman

Front 29

Regional Continuity Hypothesis

Back 29

1 AMH evolved in multiple regions

2 Constant gene flow between groups

3 mixture of ancient, local, and new genes in population

Front 30

Evidence for Complete Replacement Hypothesis (4)

Back 30

1 low genetic variation

2 more random mutation in Africans

3 change in material culture appear earliest in Africa

4 Neandertal mtDNA suggests minimal interbreeding

Front 31

Evidence for Regional Continuity (4)

Back 31

1 visible similarities between Europe and Asia populations

2 Persistence of non-adaptive traits

3 not all data shows bottleneck

4 Neandertal hybrids

Front 32

Problems with Out of Africa hypothesis

Back 32

mutation rates in DNA and mtDNA do not support a single migration out of Africa

2-4 % vs 0.7%

Front 33

Weak Garden of Eden Hypothesis

Back 33

1. Movement out of Africa was the diffusion of a sucessful genetic package

2. Not actual movement of people

3. Constant natural selection favouring this modern genotype

Front 34

Why don't European has more Nean DNA

Back 34

1. migration happened early

2. Not interested ( too robust)

3. replacement after Replacement

Front 35

Linnaeus

Back 35

presumed races had own distinct behavior and appearance

Front 36

Blumenbach

Back 36

differentiated races based on cranial shape

Front 37

Retzius

Back 37

developed cephalic index to differentiate races (Brain X Length)

Front 38

Kroeber

Back 38

presumed 3 dominant racial types with ancient origins

Front 39

Coon

Back 39

most recent version of 5 race division of humans

Front 40

Biological Determinism

Back 40

idea that cultural variation is inherited

Front 41

Eugenics

Back 41

selective breeding in humans

Some humans are better than others

Front 42

Social Evolution

Back 42

misconception that culture evolves like an organism, towards perfection

By Keoeber

Front 43

The Normative View

Back 43

Different human groups are characterized by distinct traits, and so, can be divided

*Clinal distribution: vary across space in form or frequency

Front 44

Current views on race

Back 44

no genetic basis, visible differences attributed to minor genetic variation compared to majority of variation

No genetic basis in support of the concept of race

Front 45

Biocultural Evolution

Back 45

Human evolution is a product of both culture and environment -- lactose intolerance, sickle-cell anemia

Front 46

What are the various stages that human adaptation can occur?

Back 46

1 Short term responses to environmental change - sweating/goosebumps

2 Short term adaptive changes -- melanin/hemoglobin production

3 Long term major physiological change -- skin colour/body length

Front 47

Vitamin B12

Back 47

intestinal bacterial vitamin

Front 48

Disease and the move from hunting-gathering to food production involved ?

Back 48

1. Setting in permanent villages

2. practicing agriculture

3. living in larger groups

Front 49

New disease vectors

Back 49

1. more people

2. human waste

3. food refuse

4. dogs/ rats show up after h-a move to new place

( head lice and body lice are split in 1.2- 1.8 mya