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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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scouring |
* degradation * leads to pool formation |
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Deposition |
*aggradation *leads to riffle formation |
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Primary types of Aquatic environments |
* marine or salt water env't * fresh water * estuarine env't |
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Marine or salt water environment |
* oceans * high salinity * (~35%) *97% of Earth's water |
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Fresh water environment |
* lakes, ponds, reservoirs, wetlands, rivers, etc. * low salinity (0.065-0.300%)\ |
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Estuarine Environment |
* interface between salt and fresh water * salinity variable * size variable- small (lagoons) and large (SF Bay) |
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riparian zone |
transitional area between aquatic and up slope areas with water-dependent species |
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watershed |
land area drained by a "stream" |
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Fluvial Geomorphology |
how running water shapes the land |
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Hard Points along a stream course... |
cause scouring which leads to formation of pools |
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tributaries |
stream that flows into a larger stream orbody of water, e.g., lake, estuary, bay |
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upslope area |
area from riparian zone to top of divide in a drainage area -> may include a floodplain |
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lotic water |
running water |
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What makes a stream a stream? |
interconnected series of geomorphological units e.g. riffles and pools=mesohabitat units |
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Stream Order |
* streams ordered from headwaters to mainstem rivers (upstream to downstream) *on longitudinal basis |
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Stream Order System |
First Order- Streams may be intermittent or seasonal Second Order- at least two 1st order streams Third Order- at least two 2nd order streams Fourth Order- at least two 3rd order streams |
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Gradient |
*varies with elevation * high gradient in head waters, low gradient in lower drainage * expressed as drop in meters or feet per km or mile of stream |
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Flow |
increase with stream order through accretion (addition) of flow from tributaries |
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Temperature |
relatively low in headwaters, increases with stream order |
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D.O. |
* Dissolved Oxygen * high in headwaters due to aeration from turbulence, low temperature, ow Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) * low in lower drainage because of lack of turbulence, high temperature, and higher BOD |
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What is required to have "good |
* high DO (approaching saturation) |
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What makes D.O. high? |
* atmospheric pressure * water temperature |
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trophic status |
* nutrient poor or oligotrophic in head water * mesotrophic in midstream orders * nutrient rich or eutrophic in lower drainage |
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Substrate particles |
* large particles in head waters (e.g. gravel, cobbles, boulders) * small particles in lower drainage (e.g. soil particles, sand, fine organic material) |
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Eutrophication |
* high inputs of Phosphorous and Nitrogen * too nutrient rich * pollution * algae pop. increase and die faster than broken down by bacteria -> bacteria pop increase and use up all oxygen faster than can be replenished -> no life supported in that area |
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Biota |
animal and plant life of a particular region or habitat |
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Biota in inland waters |
* trout, sculpin & other cold water fishes in headwaters * minnows, catfishes and sunfishes in lower drainages |
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Diversity in form & function of fishes- trout & scupin |
* inhabit cool, swift, well oxygenated water * fusiform or dorsoventrally compressed |
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Diversity in form & function of fishes- Bluegill (sunfish family) |
* inhabit warm, sluggish waters * greatly laterally compressed |
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Diversity in form & function of fishes- invertebrates |
* Ephemeroptera (mayflies) *Cladocera & Copepoda (zooplankton) |
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Ephemeroptera |
* inhabit cool, fast, well-oxygenated water *dorso-ventrally compressed |
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Cladocera and Copepoda |
* inhabit backwaters of rivers * limited mobility - in ocean make vertical migrations - don't have mobility to live in high velocity streams |
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allochthonous energy inputs into streams |
* from outside the stream * e.g. tree litter, run off, etc *in head water streams |
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autochthonous |
* from within stream * e.g. photosynthesis * in lowland streams |
