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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is limestone mostly made of? |
Calcium carbonate |
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What does calcium carbonate thermally decompose to create? |
Calcium oxide and carbon dioxide |
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What are the products of a reaction between calcium carbonate and an acid? |
A calcium salt, carbon dioxide and water |
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What is the product of the hydration of calcium oxide? |
Calcium hydroxide |
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Give a use of calcium hydroxide |
Neutralising acidic soil in fields |
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What is another name for a calcium hydroxide solution? |
Limewater |
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Why is a white precipitate formed when limewater reacts with carbon dioxide? |
Because calcium carbonate is formed |
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Give 3 things which limestone is used to make |
Cement, mortar and concrete |
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How is cement made? |
Powdered limestone is heated in a kiln with powdered clay |
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How is mortar made? |
Cement is mixed with sand and water |
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How is concrete made? |
Cement is mixed with sand and aggregate |
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Give 3 ways that limestone quarrying damages the landscape |
It creates ugly holes, causes noise pollution and destroys animal habitats |
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How does making products with limestone cause pollution? |
It makes dust which can cause breathing problems and uses energy from burning fossil fuels |
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Why do we still use limestone? |
It provides useful things such as houses, paints and medicines and can be used to neutralise sulphur dioxide |
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Why do we use limestone products as building materials? |
They are cheap, hard-wearing, make for quick construction and don't rot or corrode |
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Why doesn't iron from the blast furnace have many uses? |
It's very brittle |
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Give a property and a use for low carbon steel |
It is easily shaped so is used to make wire |
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Give a property and a use for high carbon steel |
It's very hard so is used to make hammers and chisels |
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Give a property and a use for stainless steel |
It's resistant to corrosion so is used to make cutlery |
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What is a metal ore? |
A rock with enough metal to make it worth extracting |
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Give two ways in which metal can be extracted from its ore |
Electrolysis and reduction by carbon |
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Why can't calcium be extracted by reduction by carbon? |
It's above carbon in the reactivity series |
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Why may electrolysis be used on an already extracted metal? |
To purify it |
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Which electrode has a positive charge? |
The anode |
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How does a displacement reaction work? |
A cheaper, more reactive metal replaces a less reactive one |
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Why should we recycle metals? |
Because ores are finite and fossil fuels are needed to extract metal from them |
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Which two methods are being used to extract copper from low-grade ores? |
Bioleaching and phytomining |
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Describe the process of bioleaching |
Bacteria get energy from the bonds in copper sulfide, meaning that the copper is separated and can be extracted from the leachate |
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Describe the process of phytomining |
Plants are grown in copper rich soil so the metal builds up in the leaves - these plants can then be burned and the copper extracted from the ash |
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What are the benefits of metal extraction? |
Useful products can be made and jobs are provided |
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What are the disadvantages of metal extraction? |
It causes noise, scarring of the landscape and loss of habitats and can also be dangerous |
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Give three properties of metals |
They're strong, bendy and good conductors |
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What are the four properties of copper? |
It's a good conductor of electricity, hard and strong, can be bent, and doesn't react with water |
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What are the main uses of copper? |
Making electrical wires and making pipes for plumbing |
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What are the three properties of aluminium? |
It's corrosion resistant, has a low density, and forms strong alloys |
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What are the three properties of titanium? |
It's corrosion resistant, has a low density, and is very strong |
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What is a good use for aluminium? |
Making an aeroplane |
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What is a good use for titanium? |
Making replacement hips |
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Why do metals need to be protected? |
Because they corrode quite easily |
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What is metal fatigue? |
When metals get tired from repeated strain |
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Give a property and a use of low carbon steel |
It's easily shaped, so is used for car bodies |
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Give a property and a use of low carbon steel |
It's easily shaped, so is used for car bodies |
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Give a property and a use of high carbon steel |
It's very hard and inflexible, so is used for cutting tools and bridges |
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Give a property and a use of stainless steel |
It's corrosion resistant, so is used to make cutlery |
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What is crude oil? |
A mixture of hydrocarbons |
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What are the properties of short chain hydrocarbons? |
They are less viscous, but more volatile |
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What do hydrocarbons release during combustion? |
Carbon dioxide and water vapour |
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What is partial combustion? |
When there's not enough oxygen to burn all the fuel so carbon monoxide is produced and soot particles are released |
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Why isn't sulfur removed from fuels very often? |
It is expensive and takes energy which means that fossil fuels have to be burned which releases carbon dioxide |
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How are power stations reducing their release of harmful gases? |
By using acid gas scrubbers |
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What is global dimming? |
When soot particles reflect sunlight back into space |
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What are the pros and cons of using ethanol as a fuel? |
It's carbon neutral but car engines need to be converted before they can use it |
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What are the pros and cons of biodiesel? |
It's carbon neutral and can be used in car engines as they are but it's expensive to make |
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What are the pros and cons of using hydrogen gas as a fuel? |
It's very clean but you need a special engine to use it |
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What is cracking? |
Splitting up long chain hydrocarbons into shorter ones |
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Describe the process of cracking |
The long chain hydrocarbon is vaporised and passed over a hot catalyst |
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What are the usual products of cracking? |
An alkane and an alkene |
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How is ethanol produced from ethene? |
Ethene is hydrated with steam |
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Describe the process of producing ethanol by fermentation |
Sugar is converted into ethanol by using yeast |
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What are the pros and cons of producing ethanol by fermentation? |
Sugar is a renewable resource but the ethanol produced isn't very concentrated, so needs to be distilled |
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How can polymers made from the same alkenes have different properties? |
They can be made under different conditions |
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What is the big disadvantage of polymers? |
They don't biodegrade |
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Describe the different methods we use to extract oil from plants |
They can be crushed then pressed, separated by centrifuge, or solvents can be used |
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Give three things that we use plant oils for |
Food, cooking and producing fuels |
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How can vegetable oils be hardened? |
By hydrogenating them |
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Why are unsaturated fats healthier than saturated ones? |
Because natural unsaturated fats reduce blood cholesterol, while saturated fats increase it |
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What is an emulsion? |
Drops of oil suspended in water or vica versa |
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What is an emulsifier? |
Molecules with one hydrophilic and one hydrophobic end |
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What are the pros and cons of using emulsifiers? |
They give emulsions a longer shelf life but some people are allergic to them |
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What evidence did Wegener use to support his theory of continental drift? |
Very similar fossils and rock records were found on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean |
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Why didn't people accept Wegener's theory of continental drift for a long time? |
People could explain the similar rock records by the land bridges theory and geologists said that the movement of entire continents was impossible |
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How do tectonic plates move? |
Convection currents in the mantle cause them to drift |
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What was the most common gas on Earth 200 million years ago? |
Carbon dioxide |
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What is the current main theory of how life formed? |
Primordial soup theory |
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How does primordial soup theory say that life came to be? |
A lightning strike caused gases to react and form amino acids which combined to produce organic matter |
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What is the Urey-Miller experiment? |
An experiment done to try and prove primordial soup theory - amino acids were made, but not in large quantities |
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Why do we fractionally distil air? |
To get products to use in industry |
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Describe the distillation of air |
The air is filtered, cooled to -200°C where water vapour and carbon dioxide is removed, and then put through a fractioning column |
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Why do oxygen and argon go through two distillation columns? |
Because in the first column they come out together |
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How does carbon dioxide affect the oceans? |
Oceans absorb CO2, which makes them more acidic and damages organisms living there |
