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49 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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French and Indian War
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war fought in America between the French and British colonists who were allied by the natives over the Ohio River Valley
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sets the stone rolling for the end of salutary neglect and causes friction between Britain and the colonies
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Albany Plan of Union (1754)
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a plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, etc; turned down by the colonies and the crown
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created the idea of unification to fight for their interests
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salutary neglect
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Britain's policy of avoiding strict enforcement of laws made by Parliament, meant to keep colonial obedience
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gave the colonists a sense of independence
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Pontiac ' s Rebellion
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a 1763 conflict between the Iroquois of the Ohio River Valley and British over the colonial expansion
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brings forth the Proclamation of 1763
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Proclamation of 1763
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a law created by the British officials to prevent westward expansion past the Appalachian mountains
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result of Pontiac ' s rebellion, signifies the end of salutary neglect
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Sugar Act (1764)
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placed taxes on foreign sugar and certain luxuries to raise money for the crown
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first of many taxation acts
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Quartering Act (1765)
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legislation that required colonists to feed and shelter British soldiers
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meant to cut costs but only agitated the colonists
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Stamp Act (1765)
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a tax placed on any paper goods to prove authenticity and enforce it
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created a violent rebellion, caused the colonists to inflict violence upon tax collectors, creates resentment
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Patrick Henry
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a leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against the British rule of the colonies
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"...give me liberty or give me death! "
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Stamp Act Congress
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a meeting held between October 7-25, 1765 in NYC to protest the Stamp Act
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first gathering of elected officials to devise a unified protest
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Sons of Liberty
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any of the several patriotic societies that protested the Stamp Act and thereafter supported American independence movements
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encouraged independence, created a chasm between the two groups and increased tension
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Declatory Act (1766)
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declaration accompanied by the repeal of the Stamp Act, stated that the Parliament ' s taxing authority was the same in both Britain and the colonies
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beginning of increased British assertion of power
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Townshed Acts (1767)
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the acts that placed duties on tea, lead, paint, etc... any imported goods
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increased importance that these takes were meant to be collected, more assertion of power
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writs of assistance
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a general search warrant issued by superior provincial courts to assist the British government in enforcing trade and navigation laws
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allowed British officials to search any house without warning for anything suspicious
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John Dickinson
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American revolutionary politician and pamphleteer who became the leasing conservative voice of opposition to Great Britain in his "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania"
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one of the early intellectual leaders of resistance to British oppression
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Samuel Adams
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American revolutionary reader and patriot: an organizer of the Boston Tea Party and signer of the Declaration of Independence, creator of the Committees of Correspondence
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organizer of protests, exchanged ideas with dissidents for British opposition
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Boston Massacre
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a riot in Boston (March 5, 1776) arising from the resentment of Boston colonists towards British troops quartered in the city, in which the troops fired upon the mob and killed several people (5)
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served as anti- British propaganda for Boston radicals and heightened American fears of standing armies
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Committees of Correspondence
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an intercolonial committee organized by Samuel Adams in Massachusetts to keep colonists informed of British anti-colonial actions and plan resistance/counter- measures
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rallied opposition on common causes and established plans for collective actions, beginning of a formal political union amongst colonies
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Tea Act (1773)
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an act of the British Parliament that created a monopoly unfair to American tea merchants
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used to increase the sales of the British East India Company by lowering prices, chief reason of the Boston Tea Party
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Boston Tea Party
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a raid on three British ships in Boston Harbor (December 16, 1773) in which British colonists disguised as Indians threw the contents of several hundred tea chests into the harbor in protest of the tea act
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motivated the colonists to risk their lives for independence and opposition
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Intolerable Acts/Coercive Acts (1774)
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four punitive measures enacted by the British Parliament in retaliation for the acts of colonial defiance
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closed Boston Harbor, appointed Thomas Gage as the new commander for British troops, angered the colonists
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Quebec Act (1774 )
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act of the British Parliament that vested the government of Quebec in a governor and council and preserved the French civil code
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an attempt to deal with the major questions that had arisen during the attempt to make Canada into a British colony
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Deism
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belief in the existence of a God on the evidence of reason and nature with rejection of supernatural revelation
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encouraged colonists to take control of their own lives
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Enlightenment
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a philosophical movement of the 18th century marked by rejection of traditional social, religious, and political ideas and an emphasis on rationalism
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produced idealistic political and social structures for countries
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First Continental Congress
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the meeting of 12 delegates one from each colony, except Georgia, who was defending itself, in Carpenters Hall in Philadelphia to right the wrongs of British rule and unify
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sign that the colonies were working to a goal united
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Lexington and Concord (1775)
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a British attempt to crush opposition by confiscation of colonial weapons, however were attacked and defeated by a colonial militia
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beginning of the American Revolution, provided colonial confidence
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Second Continental Congress
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a convention of delegates in the summer of 1775 in Philadelphia after the war broke out
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rough draft of the Declaration of Independence was written and the continental army was formed
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Thomas Pains "Common Sense"
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a pamphlet written in the common language to challenge ge the British government and royal monarchy
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easy to read and provided the inspiration to fight for independence
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Declaration of Independence
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the public act by which the Second Continental Congress, only July 4, 1776, declared the colonies to be free and independent of England
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formal declaration of independence from Britain and the reasons why, philosophy that all men were created equal
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Patriots and Loyalists
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Patriots (Whigs): the colonists who wanted independence
Loyalists (Tories): the colonists who were still loyal to the British crown |
colonists had conflicted thoughts about colonial independence
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Battle of Saratoga
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fought in 1777, northern NYS, Benedict Arnold, the leader of the American offensive forced General John Burgoyne to surrender who planned to isolate New England from the South
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turning point of that war, drew French attention and aid
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Battle of Yorktown
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(October 19, 1781) the lady major battle of the American Revolution, Washington and Comte de Rochambeau trapped Cornwallis and troops in the Chesapeake Bay with that help of admiral Grasse and French fleet, forcing Cornwallis to surrender
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signified the end of the war
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Treaty of Paris (1783)
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signed agreement between the colonists and Britain
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British promised to recognize the independence of the US and granted it generous boundaries as well as a share of Newfoundland, Americans ensured that there would no persecution of loyalists, and to pay debts owed to British creditors
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Articles of Confederation
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a written agreement ratified in 1781 by the thirteen colonies in 1777 establishing a confederacy to be known as the United States of America
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provided a legal symbol of their union by giving central government no coercive power of states and government
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Land Ordinance of 1787
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created the Northwest territory, enabling the US to expand into the Great Lakes area, granted conditions of self-government, democracy, a Bill of Rights, prohibited slavery and forced towns to fund education
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government auctioned off the land on order to pay off the national debt
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Shays' Rebellion
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a rebellion by debtor farmers in Western Massachusetts lead by the revolutionary war captain, Daniel Shays against Boston creditors, began in 1786, and ended in half a year
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threatened the economic interests of the business elites and contributed to the demise of the Articles of Confederation
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*Abigail Adams *
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wife of John Adams
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attempted to get rights for the "Ladies" from her husband who was on the the committee for designing the Declaration of Independence
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Annapolis Convention (1768)
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originally planed to discuss the promotion intercolonial commerce, delegates from 5 states met in Annapolis in September 1768, but ended up discussing a convention to amend the Articles of Confederation
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showed the weakness of the Articles of Confederation, set the precedent for meetings outside the central government, a push for a stronger government, and a precedent of a Continental convention
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Philadelphia/Constitutional Convention
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the convention in Philadelphia (1787) of representatives from each state, except Rhode Island, at which the Constitution was framed
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creation of the constitution, development of a stronger government
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Great Compromise
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stated that larger states were conceded representation by population in the House of Representatives, and smaller states were appeased in the Senate
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allowed states all kinds of representation
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New Jersey Plan
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equal representation in an unicameral congress by states, regardless of size and population
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control of the federal government would have rested in the states
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Virginia Plan
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representation in both houses in a bicameral congress based on population
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the power of the federal government would have rested in the Congress and the people through elected representatives
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Three-fifths Compromise
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determine that each slave would count as Three-fifths of a person for the purpose of apportioning taxes and representation
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gave disproportionate political power to the southern slave states
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federalists
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supported a strong central government, advocated the ratification of a new constitution, included Alexander Hamilton
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supported a government that was run by the wealthy elite
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Anti-federalists
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opposed a strong federal government, skeptical about undemocratic tendencies in the constitution, insisted on a bill of rights; included Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe
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demanded a more democratic and people controlled government
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The Federalist Papers
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a compilation of articles advocating the ratification of the constitution; main authors include, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison
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outlined the form of government preferred by the federalists, explained the benefits of an union, convincing and persuading many
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Bill of Rights
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the first ten amendments to the constitution, guaranteeing civil rights for all Americans, as forced by the Anti-federalists
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protected the rights of citizens, residents/visitors, correct and prevent injustices brought upon colonists, to keep the national government in check
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Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)
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a formal announcement issued by George Washington in May 1793, declaring the nation neutral in the conflict between France and Great Britain
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threatened legal proceedings against any American providing assistance to any country at war, kept the US from fighting Britain again, but betrayed France
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"Citizen" Genet
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a French ambassador during the French Revolution who ignored the Proclamation of neutrality
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sent to promote American support for France ' s war with Britain and Spain, convinced some colonists to support the French on the colonial front, endangered American neutrality, showed America's vulnerability
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