Apush Terms To Know-Rev

Front 1

100% Americanism

Back 1

due to suspicion of loyalty of hyphenated Americans. WWI supporters asserted this as the patriotic ideal to stamp out "radicals"

Front 2

13th Amendment

Back 2

abolished slavery

Front 3

14 Points

Back 3

Wilson's idealistic WWI peace negotiation proposals

Front 4

14th Amendment

Back 4

guaranteed due process of law and equal protection of laws to all citizens; repealed Dred Scott decision

Front 5

15th Amendment

Back 5

granted vote to all male citizens, regardless of race or former condition of servitude

Front 6

16th Amendment

Back 6

federal government could use the income tax to raise revenue

Front 7

17th Amendment

Back 7

U.S. Senate shall be elected directly by people

Front 8

1807 Embargo

Back 8

Jefferson ended all trade with foreign countries to protest English/French interference with free trade during Napoleonic Wars

Front 9

18th Amendment

Back 9

Prohibition amendment

Front 10

19th Amendment

Back 10

women given the right to vote

Front 11

2nd 100 Days

Back 11

after 1934 midterm elections gave FDR an even larger Congressional majority he embarked on another round of reform in 1935--the "Second New Deal" that dealt more with reform than with relief: Social Security; WPA; TVA; Fair Labor Standards; NLRB.

Front 12

AAA

Back 12

Agricultural Adjustment Administration; part of New Deal attempt to bring recovery and reform to farm prices by restricting use of land and encourage more diverse use of land; overturned by Supreme Court as unconstitutional in 1936

Front 13

ABMs

Back 13

Anti Ballistic missiles--shoot uncoming missiles out of sky' prohibited in SALT I treaty

Front 14

ACLU

Back 14

American Civil Liberties Union; radical defenders of free speech rights for all dissenting groups

Front 15

actual representation

Back 15

representatives who reside in area they represent; opposed to "virtual representation" practiced in Parliament

Front 16

ADA

Back 16

Americans With Disabilities Act; requires equal access toto public facilities and education for all Americans

Front 17

affirmative action

Back 17

policy of extending greater access to education and emplyment to historically disadvantaged groups

Front 18

AIM

Back 18

American Indian Movement; civil rights group demanding equal treatment for Native Americans

Front 19

Alien & Sedition Acts

Back 19

Federalist laws passed during Quasi War to silence Republican critics

Front 20

Alliance for Progress

Back 20

Kennedy program to fight communisam by promoting economic growth and democracy in Latin America

Front 21

AME Church

Back 21

African Methodist Episcopal Church; first black organized church in America

Front 22

America First Committee

Back 22

Charles Lindbergh led American opponents of FDR's support of Allies in WWII BEFORE Pearl Harbor

Front 23

American Anti-Slavery Society

Back 23

Willim Lloyd Garrison's organization that regarded slave owning as a sin and demanded the immediate abolition of slaves without compensation

Front 24

American Colonization Society

Back 24

liberal association of white American elites who proposed that free African Americans voluntarily move back to Africa; started Liberian colony; rejected by most blacks

Front 25

American Party

Back 25

nativist party of the Know Nothings in early 1850's; quickly superceded by Republican Party

Front 26

American Plan

Back 26

popular in the Twenties as an anti-union scheme: company "unions"; company-sponsored recreation; open shop

Front 27

American Protective League

Back 27

WWI organization of super patriots who acted as quasi-legal vigilante groups persecuting "un-American" elements--radicals, foreigners, etc.

Front 28

American System

Back 28

Henry Clay's plan for federally sponsored internal improvements of transportation and economic infrastructure of roads, bridges, canals, etc to encourage economic growth

Front 29

Americanization

Back 29

process immigrants were expected to go through to become "real Americans"--dress, eat, speak, and act like native Americans

Front 30

Anaconda Plan

Back 30

original Union plan to squeeze the life out of the Confederacy through naval blockade and cutting off the Mississippi River

Front 31

Anti-Imperialist League

Back 31

group of liberals and racists who opposed US expansion overseas during Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection

Front 32

Anti-Masonic Party

Back 32

during Jacksonian Era of the common man, elite, secret socities like the Masons were suspected on anti-democratic tendencies; AMP introduced party nominating conventions to replace Caucus system

Front 33

Armory Show

Back 33

first exhibition of modern European art in America

Front 34

Ashcan School

Back 34

American school of painters who emphasized gritty urban landscape instead of portraits and natural landscapes

Front 35

Atlantic Charter

Back 35

statement of goals and principles binding the US and the UK; included the Four Freedoms; Churchill needed commitments from the US; FDR needed renunciation of imperialist aims from UK

Front 36

Atomic Energy Commission

Back 36

Truman put the control of atomic energy in civilian hands to build public support for the peaceful uses of atomic energy; however it was also asked to develop new weapons systems for the military

Front 37

Bank Holiday

Back 37

when banks were threatened with collapse during Great Depression state and federal governments closed banks to prevent total economic collapse

Front 38

Bank War

Back 38

Andrew Jackson believed that the Second Bank of the US was an unconstitutional monopoly and a dangerous concentration of unaccountable power; he vetoed the re-charter of the bank and deposited federal funds in his favorite state-chartered "pet banks", triggering a round of inflation that resulted in the Panic of 1837 and a ten year depression

Front 39

Battle of Fallen Timbers

Back 39

US Army defeated Shawnee Indians in Ohio and opened up the area to white settlement

Front 40

Battle of the Bulge

Back 40

largest U.S. battle of WWII against a suppsoedly "beaten" German army; December 1944

Front 41

Battle of the Standards

Back 41

conflict between inflation-minded debtors who favores silver standard and delation-minded creditors who favored gold standard

Front 42

Bay of Pigs

Back 42

abortive invasion of Cuba by CIA-backed exiles; they aimed to instigate a revolution overthrowing Castro, but were easily defeated by Cuban forces; JFK took the blame for this major failure and setback for US foreign policy

Front 43

Berlin Blockade & Airlift

Back 43

USSR tried to blockade land access to West Berlin and force the Western countries to abandon it; Truman chose to airlift supplies to the Berliners for over a year; Stalin finally relented and opened up the roads; this was a tense moment in the newly opening Cold War between US and USSR

Front 44

birth control pill

Back 44

easily availablr oral contraception helped to dramatically change attitudes and sexual practices in the 1960's; relaxing standards and the "sexual revolution"

Front 45

Black Codes

Back 45

post-Civil War legal codes of labor and property passed by Southern white governments to continue oppression and control of ex-slaves

Front 46

Black Hawk War

Back 46

uprising in Illinois of Indian tribes against white settlers

Front 47

Black Power

Back 47

second generation of civil rights organizers turned away from integration ideal toward black power and autonomy; led by Stokely Charmichael and Malcolm X

Front 48

Black Republicans

Back 48

called "Black" Republicans because of their support for Emancipation and civil rights for African Americans

Front 49

Bleeding Kansas

Back 49

civil war between pro- and anti-slavery forces in Kansas territory

Front 50

Bleeding Sumner

Back 50

Charles Sumner was brutally caned by southern congressmen offended by Sumner's rude speech against slavery and South

Front 51

Blue Eagle

Back 51

symbol of the NRA displayed in windows of businesses who were complying with guidelines

Front 52

Bonus Bill & Bonus Marchers

Back 52

WWI veterans marched on Washington to demand their bonus before it was due to help them through Depression

Front 53

braceros

Back 53

A Mexican laborer permitted to enter the United States and work for a limited period of time, especially in agriculture.

Front 54

Brains Trust

Back 54

FDR's informal group of expert advisors on social and economic policy, largely drawn from academic community

Front 55

brinksmanship

Back 55

Cold War policy of going to the brink of nuclear war to deter Soviet aggression; John Foster Dulles

Front 56

Brook Farm

Back 56

unsuccessful utopian community of Transcendentalists; it turns out that intellectuals don't like to plow, milk, or weed; who knew?

Front 57

Bull Moose Party

Back 57

name of Theodore's Progressive Party run for the White House in 1912

Front 58

Bush Doctrine

Back 58

the US will attack terrorists or any country that harbors or sponsors terrorists

Front 59

Camp David Accords

Back 59

landmark peace agreement between Egypt and Israel brokered by President Carter; high water mark of Carter foreign policy

Front 60

carpetbaggers

Back 60

name white Southerners gave to Northerners who came south after Civil War with carpet bag suitcases to exploit the defeated South

Front 61

Carter Doctrine

Back 61

President Carter's foreign policy of supporting human rights before friendly antio-communist dictators

Front 62

CCC

Back 62

Civilian Conservation Corps; part of FDR's relief program; employed out of work young men to work on land reclamation projects; forestry, etc.; very popular program

Front 63

Charles River Bridge case

Back 63

Supreme Court restricts rights of private property to allow for communities to legislate for common good

Front 64

Cherokee Nation case

Back 64

Supreme Court rules that state of Georgia has no authority over Indian tribes; only federal government can negotiate with them; ignored by Jackson and Georgia

Front 65

Chinese Exclusion Act

Back 65

west coast whites convince Congress to stop Chinese immigration; first restriction in US history

Front 66

CIA

Back 66

Central Intelligence Agency; part of National Security state

Front 67

CIO

Back 67

Congress of Industrial Organizations; John L. Lewis led the industrial unionization movement for unskilled and semi-skilled workers; rival of AFL until they joined forces in 1955

Front 68

Citizen Genet

Back 68

French ambassador who wore out US welcome by attempting to hire American ships to attack British ships in the war against the French Revolutionaries

Front 69

Civil Rights Act 1964

Back 69

forbade discrimination by race or gender in emplyment, public accomodation, and housing

Front 70

Civil Service Act

Back 70

many jobs in the executive bureacracy went to political supporters ("spoils system"); Civil Service Act began the process of depoliticizing jobs as reward for faithful political support; competitive examinations determined eliginiity for job based on qualkifications and skill, not party affiliation

Front 71

Clean Air & Water Acts

Back 71

federal laws intended to reduse air and water pollution; EPA responsible for enforemen on businesses and municipalities and states

Front 72

Coercive Acts

Back 72

aka "The Intolerable Acts" targeting Boston for special punishment for the Boston Tea Party: 1) Boston harbor closed until restitution for tea is paid; 2) MA charter void and colony governed by military governor; 3) English trials for capital charges against British troops in America; 4) quartering of British troops in Americagn homes; 5) Quebec Act legitimating Roman Catholic faith in Ohio Valley.

Front 73

Colored Farmers Alliance

Back 73

Black farmers formed their own alliance that cooperated with, but remained sparate from, white farmers' alliances

Front 74

Commonwealth v. Hunt

Back 74

MA Supreme Court ruled that worker's unions were not criminal conspiracies in restraint of trade; but full recognition of right to organize in unions did not come until New Deal Wagner act established the NLRB in 1935.

Front 75

companionate marriage

Back 75

marriage ideal of husband and wife as freely chosen companions, not master and servant

Front 76

Compromise of 1850

Back 76

California's admission as a free state caused a crisis in Congress;m a compromise deal was worked out by Henry Clay and then completed by Stephen Douglas that included the following: 1) tougher Fugitive Slave Act; 2) popular sovereignty to settle slavery issue in territories of Utah and New Mexico; 3) abolishing the slave TRADE in Washington, D.C.; 4) Texas gave up its claims to New Mexico territory and its Mexican debts were settled. The Compromise was much celebrated by was broken by the Kansas-Nebraska Act four years later.

Front 77

containment

Back 77

George Keenan's policy toward Soviet aggression: contain it, do not let it spread; eventually communism will self-destruct; not worth the horrible cost of direct confrontation

Front 78

Copperheads

Back 78

Northern Democratic opponents of Republican-led Civil War; "snakes in the greass"--i.e., "copperheads"

Front 79

CORE

Back 79

Congress of Racial Equality; civil rights group that pioneered non-violent civil disobedience tactics in the 1940's

Front 80

counterculture

Back 80

rebellious youth culture of the Sixties ran "counter" to traditional, established suburban, corpoprte culture; empasized free expression and liberated consciousness

Front 81

CPI

Back 81

Committee on Public Information; WWI government PR office that used Madison Save and Hollywood-inspired techniques to build support for the war effort

Front 82

Credit Mobilier

Back 82

scandal of U.S. Grant administration; corporate RR money misused to bribe Congressmen

Front 83

Crittenden Proposal

Back 83

Last minute compromise proposal after Lincoln's election to prevent the secession of the South. Crittenden was a Senator from Kentucky and Presidential candidate in the 1860 election. He proposed extending the Missouri Compromise line west to the Pacific as a barrier to any further slave states, but also as a promise to the South that at least some states would be eligible for slavery. Lincoln refused to go along witL it; he said it would betray everyone who had voted for him.

Front 84

Cross of Gold

Back 84

William Jennings Bryan's speech at the 1896 Democratic Conventio that led to his nominCtion. He claimed that the gold standard was "crucifying" the farmers and working people of America. He believed that the more inflationary silver standardwould alleviate the depression of the 1890's.

Front 85

Cuban Missile Crisis

Back 85

US spy planes detected missile silos in Cuba in 1962; Cuba is only 90 miles from Florida; this made the US vulnerable to a short-range, sudden attack; JFK blockaded Cuba to prevent the delivery of the missiles; the world came the closest it ever has to nuclear war as each country pondered what to do; finally, the USSR backed down and sent their missiles home; the US promised to remove its missiles from Turkey and never to invade Cuba

Front 86

cult of domesticity

Back 86

aka ther "cult of true womanhood"; women were supposed to embody p erfect virtue; they were to fulfill the roles of a calm and nurturing mother, a loving and faithful wife, a passive and delicate virtuous creature; they were expected to be pious and religius, teaching those around them--husband and children--their civilizing Christian beliefs and values; it identified the home as the proper "separate sphere" for women, a safe haven from the competitive and unforgiving world of the marketplace.

Front 87

Currency Act

Back 87

Great Britain forbade the colonies from isuing paper money, which was inflationary and worthless to British mnerchants; but the chronic shortage of gold and silver in the colonies made paying bills to British merchants almost impossible, leading to a serious increase in bankruptcies in the years leading up to the AR

Front 88

Dawes Severalty Act

Back 88

New federal policy toward the Indians; attempted to assimilate them to the values of the individualistic marketplace and private property, as opposed to the tribal property values of their tradition; each Indian family received 160 acres of land on which to farm; the land became theirs after 25 years and they will become equal citizens. The land was inadequate for farming or grazing. Most Indians sold their rights to the worthless lands for cash.

Front 89

Declaratory Act

Back 89

After repealing the Stamp Act, Parliament issued the Declaratory Act, asserting their legitimate perrogative to legislate as they wished for the American colonies. It was a face saving gesture and an ominous portent of laws to come.

Front 90

deficit spending

Back 90

practice of U.S. govetrnment to borrow money to pay its bills because it does not have enough tax revene in any given year to do so. This shortfall is the deficit. Keynesian economics recommends running a very large deficit in bad economic years as a way to stimulate demand.

Front 91

deflation

Back 91

when a dollar will buy more goods and services than it previously did; causes prices to drop, disouraging investment andgrowth; the American economy faced a series of deflations during the late 19th centuries and the Great Depression of the 1929-1940 periods.

Front 92

deregulation

Back 92

begun by Carter and expanded under Reagan, deregulation means removing government regulation of pricing in transportation and manufacturing; advocates believe this stimulates economic growth

Front 93

détente

Back 93

dtente means "relaxation"; used to describe the relaxation of tension between the US and the communist nations, USSR and China; foreign policy initiative begun by Nixon and Kissinger because American economic and military strength had been seriously weakened by Vietnam War and Arab oil embargo of 1970's.

Front 94

direct & indirect taxation

Back 94

distinction made by Aerican 6colonists on the kinds of Braitish taxes they were prepared to pay; indirect taxes (tariffs) were OK, since they were mercantile devices to regulate trade; direct taxes on colonial domestic activity (like the Stamp Act) were not OK since it as the prerogative ofcolonial legislatures, not Parliament, to impose these. "No taxation without representation!"

Front 95

Dixiecrats

Back 95

White Southern Democrats bolted from Truman's Democratic Party because of his support for civil rights; they formed the Dixecrats, nominated Strom Thurmond, and won four Deep South staes.

Front 96

Dollar Diplomacy

Back 96

William Howard Taft's foreign policy of using America economic power to influence Latin America insteadof the threat of military occupation; it was an outgrowth of the Roosevelt Corollary that the US would resolve all financial disputes between Euroean creditors and Latin American countries

Front 97

Draft Riots

Back 97

Irish Americans resented the compulsory draft and the ability of rich men to hire substitutes; the Emancipation Proclamation had just been put into effect; white anger at blacks was high; in NYC crowds of angry men gathered to protest the draft; at first they attacked the homes of the wealthy; later it became a race riot against blacks and many blacks were lynched; violence ended only when Union troops fresh from the Gettysburg battlefield were rushed to the scene

Front 98

due process

Back 98

the belief that the government must follow certain rules whenever it charges a person with a crimei and tries them in court; it is the legal process due to every person, guilty or innocent;

Front 99

Dust Bowl

Back 99

Farmers on the marginal lands of the Great Plains were forced to flee the area when huge dust storms began to blow away the topsoil; many fled for California; "Okies" ; The Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck

Front 100

Eisenhower Doctrine

Back 100

the US would use armed forces upon request in repsonse to imminent or actual aggression against the US; also, tat countries that took stances opposed to communism would be given various kinds of aid; Eisenhower first applied it to extend aid to Lebanon in 1958.

Front 101

elastic clause

Back 101

clause in Article I in the Constitution permitting the federal government ro rake all measures "necessary and proper" to achieving its legitimate ends as outlined in the Constitution; paired with the Commerce Clause to justify almost anything Congress wishes to do;

Front 102

Ellis Island

Back 102

the main intake facility for immigrants on the East coast; island in Hudson River near the Statue of Liberty; 12 million immigrants passed through it until it was closed in 1954

Front 103

Emancipation Proclamation

Back 103

In an effort to win broader public support for the war--both at home and abroad--, to weaken the Confederacy, and to strengthen the forces of the Union, President Lincoln issued an executive order freeing the slaves then under the control of the Confederacy; slaves in border states or occupied territory were NOT freed; however, momentum towards universal emancipation became unstoppable

Front 104

Embargo Act

Back 104

Jefferson ended all trade with foreign countries to protest English/French interference with free trade during Napoleonic Wars

Front 105

Emmet Till

Back 105

14-yeaqr old African American boy from Chicago visiting family in Mississippi in 1955 who was tortured and murdered by white men as "punishment" for leering and whistling at a white woman; the case was a national scandal when the suspects were acquitted by an all white jury

Front 106

EPA

Back 106

Environmental Protection Agency; established under Nixon, eits job is to monitor the effects of business activity on the natural environment and to enforce the protections authorized by Congress.

Front 107

Equal Pay Act

Back 107

federal law outlying unequal pay for men and women; exceptions were made for seniority and merit

Front 108

Era of Good Feelings

Back 108

After the War of 1812, a short period when the Federalist Party was nearly dead and all politicians subscribed to the Jeffersonian "Republican" ideology; the Missouri Crisis over the extenstion of slavery brought theis to an end

Front 109

Ethiopian Regiment

Back 109

Lord Dunmore, British governor of VA, recruited runaway slaves to form an army regiment to fight against their rebellious masters and gain their freedom; first mass emancipation of slaves in American history

Front 110

Exodusters

Back 110

given to African Americans who fled the Deep South for Kansas to escape hopeless poverty of sharecropping and violent racism of whites

Front 111

Fair Deal

Back 111

Truman's attempt to revive the New Deal after WWII; Full Employment Act; civil rights; federal aid to education; universal health care; public housing; increase in minimum wage; largely rejected by Republican Congress

Front 112

fair trade

Back 112

used to describe situation when wage rates, working conditions, environmental regulations are equal and goods trade at prices that reflect these; meant to avoid "unfair competition" between developed and undeveloped economies

Front 113

Farewell Address

Back 113

Washington (with help from Hamilton) issued a farewell address to the nation emphasizing two messages: 1) avoid entangling alliances with European nations; 2) avoid factions and parties that divide loyalty at home.

Front 114

Farmers' Alliances

Back 114

the largest agricultural movement in US history; triggered by worsening agricultural conditions in commercial crop producing areas of the southern and Great Plains states; falling crop prices, rising RR rates, and the loss of farms due to debt and bankruptcy caused the uprising; they pursued a radical platform of government regulation and outright ownership; see Populism

Front 115

FDIC

Back 115

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation; part of New Deal reforms; guarantees bank deposits with federal money; meant to avoid bank runs of Great Depression which took much needed money out of circulation or led to total loss of savings when banks collapsed

Front 116

Federalist Party

Back 116

party led by Alexander Hamilton that favored a strong, vigorous central government that could successfully defend its borders, monitor trade and tariffs, promote commercial prosperity; and maintain peace and justice amongst its citizens; most powerful between 1788-1800

Front 117

Federal Reserve System

Back 117

America's decentralized centralized bank; 12 regional reserve banks; regulates other banks and determines how much of their deposits banks can loan out to customers; helps control expansion of money supply and inflation; issues currency

Front 118

Fireside chats

Back 118

FDR was a very effective communicator; he was the first president to speak directly to the people over the radio; for the first time a national leader had a personal connection to his supporters; this was a big factor in the countries faith in FDR even when the economy was not improving

Front 119

First 100 days

Back 119

FDR passed a flurry of legislation during his first 100 days in office' the country was panicked and willing to give FDR just about anything he wanted; Bank Holiday; Emergency Banking Act; FDIC; AAA; TVA.

Front 120

First Amedment rights

Back 120

the rights to free speech, free assembly, and freedom of religion

Front 121

Force Bill

Back 121

Congress authorizes Andrew Jackson to use armed force against South Carolina to force it to obey tariff law when it threatened to nullify federal laws it considered unconstitutional

Front 122

Four Freedoms

Back 122

Part of Atlantic Charter signed by FDR and Churchill, cementing their alliance against Nazi Germany; included "why we fight" reasons: freedom of expression; freedom from fear; freedom from want; freedom of religion

Front 123

Free Soil Party

Back 123

Splinter party of Whigs; based on opposition to extension of slavery to new territories; not an abolitionist party; sometimes racist in opposition of even free blacks moving to non-slave states or territories

Front 124

free trade

Back 124

opponents to tariffs on foreign imports; opposed to all tariffs impeding the free flow of goods and capital anywhere in the world; believes that this will lead to prosperity for everyone

Front 125

Freedmen's Bureau

Back 125

federal agency established after the Civil War to help organize survival issues for newly freed slaves and displaced or destitute whites as well; President Johnson tried to end it but the Republican Congress extended its life to 1868.

Front 126

Fugitive Slave Act

Back 126

part of 1850 Compromise; a strengthened FSL required northerners to cooperate with slave catchers; no appeals process; deeply angered many northerners who felt it implicated them in the immoral practice of slavery

Front 127

Gag Rule

Back 127

Congress passed a rule forbidding the reading aloud of anti-slavery petitions during Congressional sessions since there were so many of them it prevented Congress from completing its business; ex-President John Q. Adams succeeded in overturning it in 1844

Front 128

Gentlemen's Agreement

Back 128

an informal agreement between the US and Japan concerning Japanese immigration and treatment in California; white treatment of Japanese in CA took turn for worse after Japanese victory over Russia in 1905; CA school systems racially segregated Japanese students; the Japanese agreed to end immigration to America in exchange for better treatment for its emigrants

Front 129

Ghost Dance

Back 129

Plains Indians created a religious cult to express their despair and hope for renewal after being forced on to reservations and losing their way of life; they believed the Holy Spirit would make themm invulnerable to white man's bullets and there would be an apocolyptic destruction of white culture

Front 130

Gold Standard

Back 130

idea that all government currency should be backed by scarce gold in order to eliminate possibility of inflation because the government issues too much currency relkative to national wealth

Front 131

Golden Door

Back 131

image used to symbolize America's open door to immigrants; door to riches and prosperity for poor people from around the world

Front 132

Good Neighbor Policy

Back 132

reversal of US foreign policy toward Latin America; US promised never to use military force to resolve legal and financial disputes; begun by Hoover and afformed by FDR in anticipation WWII and Germans using Western Hemisphere ports to attack US shipping

Front 133

Gospel of Wealth

Back 133

Andrew Carnegie's essay extolling the virtues of wealth and the duty of every rich man to die poor from having given all his money away; softened the edges of Social Darwinism; Carnegie famous for his free public libraries donated to thousands of American communities

Front 134

grandfather clause

Back 134

policy of letting white people whose grandfathers were voters before the Civil War vote, even though they couldn't pass the current literacy tests or pay poll taxes to vote; disqualified black voters because their grandfathers were slaves

Front 135

Great Compromise

Back 135

greatest disagreement at Constitutional Conventionn was over principle of representation in Congress; VA plan made population the basis-->larger states had more representatives; NJ plan made state equality basis-->smaller states equal to larger states; Compromise was House based on population and Senate based on equal representation(2 senators from each state)

Front 136

Great Migration I

Back 136

Puritan migration from England

Front 137

Great Migration II

Back 137

Southern black sharecroppers migrate to southern cities and eventually to northern cities; pull of economic opporetunity and less oppression

Front 138

Great Society

Back 138

Lyndon Johnson's continuation of the New Deal; government programs to increase equality and opportunity for poor and blacks

Front 139

Greenbacks

Back 139

Civil War monetary policy of issuing federal currency without gold "backing"

Front 140

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Back 140

Congressional authorization for LBJ to use military force to protect American lives in Vietnam

Front 141

Half Way Covenant

Back 141

Children of non-saint Puritans would be allowed to be baptised into the church in order to maintain church attendence and membership

Front 142

Hartford Convention

Back 142

meeting of New England Federalists protesting War of 1812's harmful impact on region's economy

Front 143

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

Back 143

1930 tariff increase to protect jobs threatened by Depression and foreign trade; worsened economic conditions when other nations raised their tariffs against American goods

Front 144

Haymarket Affair

Back 144

Riot and murder at anarchist demonstration leads to unjust conviction of eight anarchist leaders. Example of public hysteria about danger of radicalism and unionism.

Front 145

headright system

Back 145

colonist who bring workers to VA rewarded with 50 acres of land for each worker

Front 146

Headstart

Back 146

federally funded free pre-school education program that was part of Johnson's War on Poverty

Front 147

Hollywood 10

Back 147

blacklisted Hollywood writers and directors thought to be members of the Communist Party

Front 148

Holy Experiment

Back 148

term used to describe William Penn's system of religious toleration for all religions

Front 149

Homestead Act

Back 149

Republican free soil plan to provide 160 acres free to those willing to live on and improve land

Front 150

Homestead Strike

Back 150

strike against Andrew Carnegie's Homestead steel plant near Pittsburgh; thousands of worlers went out on strike and fought against the police and militia sent in against them; PA governor and Carnegir broke the strike by sending in PA militia; steelworkers union movement dead foir the next 40 years

Front 151

HUAC

Back 151

House UnAmerican Activities Committee; investigated charges of communists in federal government

Front 152

Hudson River School

Back 152

school of American painters who emphasized the transcendent beauty of nature that dwarfed human beings; attracted to huge vistas of the West

Front 153

Hull House

Back 153

Jane Addams' settlement house to help poor workers and immigrants in Chicago

Front 154

ICBMs

Back 154

Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles--rockets with nuclear bombs on them

Front 155

ICC

Back 155

Interstate Commerce Commission; begun as sop to protesting workers and farmers; regulated RR rates to prevent price discrimination between long and short haulk & large and small loads

Front 156

IMF

Back 156

International Monetary Fund; started after WWII to regulate international currency exchange and banking practices; helps with loans to third world countries

Front 157

Immigration Act of 1924

Back 157

Restricted immigration to % of people from that country in 1890; nativist reaction to huge wave of pre-WWI immigrants from Catholic, rural, uneducated backgrounds

Front 158

Immigration Act of 1965

Back 158

scrapped 1925 restrictions and opened immigration equally to all continents; huge new surgew from Latin America and Asia

Front 159

impressment

Back 159

British practice of illegally boarding American ships to force mutinied British sailors back into service

Front 160

industrial unions

Back 160

union membership based on what industry a worker was in, not their craft or trade; CIO

Front 161

inflation

Back 161

when a dollar puchases less, so you need more of them (higher prices) to buy the same thing; popular with debtors

Front 162

Insular cases

Back 162

Supreme Court held that the Constitution does not apply equally to territories acquired by nation--only after territory is "incorporated" by Congress. "Insular" comes from "island"--Puerto Rico and Philippines

Front 163

internationalism

Back 163

foreign policy advocating international economic, political, and military role for the US

Front 164

interstate commerce clause

Back 164

Constitution gives Congress the exclusive power to regulate interstate commerce; broad interpretations of this justify Congress' authority to legislate about practically anything

Front 165

Iran-Contra Affair

Back 165

complicated political scandal of Reagan administration; they illegally equipped "freedom fighters" in Nicaragua by selling military parts and supplies illegally to Iranian terrorists; everything was kept secret and Reagan, Bush, and others claimed to be unaware of it

Front 166

Iranian Hostage Crisis

Back 166

After Iranian Islamic Revolution, Islamic student/terrorists take US Embassy personnel hostage for over a year; President Carter was unable to secire their release' finally released the day Reagan becomes President in 1981

Front 167

isolationism

Back 167

foreign policy advocating that America remain safe and self-sufficient behind the protective walls of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and secure, peaceful borders with Mexico and Canada; "Fortress America"

Front 168

Jay's Treaty

Back 168

unpopular treaty that seemed to give more than it got to Great Britain; GB gives up posts on Great Lakes; quit impressment; no compensation for escaped slaves nor guarantee of American neutral rights

Front 169

Jim Crow laws

Back 169

laws requiring seprate facilities and forbidding mixing of blacks and whites in every aspect of life

Front 170

judicial review

Back 170

John Marshall's dictum that the Supreme Court is the last court of appeal and has the exclusive privilege on ruling the constitutionality of statutes passed by state or federal legislatures

Front 171

Judiciary Act 1789

Back 171

fills out the requirements for a system of federal justice left incomplete by the Constitution

Front 172

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Back 172

Stephen Douglas' successful proposal divide the Kansas Territory into two parts and permit settlers to determine status of slavery (popular sovereignty); shocked nation into awareness that Missouri Compromise was officially dead

Front 173

Kellog-Briand Pact

Back 173

ineffectual inter-war years conference that ouitlawed war as a tool of foreign policy

Front 174

Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions

Back 174

state resolutions drafted by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson claiming individual states could unilaterally disregard unconstutional federal acts; no other states supported these resolutions

Front 175

King Andrew

Back 175

Andrew Jackson's frequent use of the veto power led his political opponents to christen him "King Andrew" and to call themselves "Whigs" in opposition to the King

Front 176

King Caucus

Back 176

political party candidates chosen by Congressional members of that party

Front 177

King Philip's War

Back 177

Bloody Indian war between New England settlers and Indians; ended with exile or death for most Indians out of New England

Front 178

Kitchen Cabinet

Back 178

Andrew Jackson's informal cabinet advisors who were his loyal supporters

Front 179

Kitchen debate

Back 179

impromptu debate over virtues of capitalism and communism between Vice-President Nixon and Krushchev during Nixon's visit to international exhibit in Moscow

Front 180

Know Nothing Party

Back 180

Nativist American Party members were counseled to say they knew nothing if asked about the semi-secret society that became the political party; attacked immigrants & Catholics

Front 181

Korematsu case

Back 181

WWII Supreme Court decision upholding constitutionality of Japanese relaocation policy and internment camps

Front 182

laissez-faire

Back 182

belief that the government should not try to interfere or influence the "natural laws" of the market of supply and demand; the result will be the most productive use of a society's resources

Front 183

Land Grant Colleges

Back 183

states given money to build public universities to teach agriculture, mining, and engineering with money gained from the sale of federal lands

Front 184

Lecompton Constitution

Back 184

pro-slavery constitution for Kansas when it applied for statehood

Front 185

Lend Lease Act

Back 185

FDR "leased" US destroyers to UK to get around Neutrality Acts banning the sale of ships to belligerent nations; of questionable constitutionality

Front 186

Liberty Bonds

Back 186

US government sold bonds to American people to help pay for the hugew costs of the war; they made it everyone's patriotic duty to do so

Front 187

Liberty League

Back 187

Association of capitalists fiercely opposed to FDR's New Deal as "socialist" anmd "radical"

Front 188

liberty of contract

Back 188

capitalist ideal of relationship between buyer and seller; used to justifu exp[loitive wage contracts beteen huge corporations and workers

Front 189

Liberty Party

Back 189

first anti-slavery political party; believed the political process could be ushed to combat evils of slavery piecemeal

Front 190

Lockner case

Back 190

Supreme Court decides that NY state legislature had no right to interfere with the liberty of contract between corporation and worker by regulating the number of hours it was healthy for employees to work; this violated the "substantive due process" rights of owners to use their own property as they see fit without outside interference

Front 191

loose constructionism

Back 191

Alexander Hamilton's defense of the federal government's right to establish a national bank, even though that power is nowehere specifically mentioned in the Constitution

Front 192

loss of China

Back 192

Republicans blamed Truman for "losing" China to the Communists through inept and perhaps treasonous foreign policy

Front 193

Lost Generation

Back 193

disillusioned expatriate writers and artists who flocked to Paris after WWI to hang out in cafes and whine about the meaninglessnenss of life

Front 194

Lowell Offering

Back 194

a publication of the young, unmarried textile mill workers at Lowell MA factories; full of poems, stories, and reflections

Front 195

Lowell System

Back 195

the first factories were built near swift flowing New England streams whose water power was harnessed to run the textile mills; young unmarried women from local farms and villages were recruited to work the mechanical looms; they worked to save money for a dowry or pay for the education of their brothers; after a few years they would return home and marry; to persuade parents to allow their daughters to leave home on their own, the mill owners adopted a very paternalistic attitude toward the young women

Front 196

loyalty oath

Back 196

Truman began demanding background checks and investigations into political associations and opinions of all federal employees; states followed suit; employees had to swear loyalty to democracy and the Constitution

Front 197

MAD

Back 197

Mutually Assured Destruction; nuclear policy whereby US and USSR hold eiach other hostage by threatening to blow them up if they blow us up; defense shield would mess this up

Front 198

Manhattan Project

Back 198

Secret US government WWII project involving billions of dollars and thousands of scientists and civilians to build a "superbomb"

Front 199

Mann Act

Back 199

"White Slave Act" made it illegal to transport a woman across state lines for immoral purposes"; targeted especially at immgrant prostitutes

Front 200

Marbury v. Madison

Back 200

John Marshall's dictum that the Supreme Court is the last court of appeal and has the exclusive privilege on ruling the constitutionality of statutes passed by state or federal legislatures

Front 201

massive retaliation

Back 201

US threatened to repsond to any aggressive, expansive moves by the USSR by "massively retaliating" with nuclear weapons--even against a conventional (non-nuclear) force

Front 202

McCullough v. Maryland

Back 202

John Marshall decided that no state could interfere with a federal institution; Maryland had tried to tax the Bank of the US; Marshall said the bank was a legitimate institution and an extension of the federal government

Front 203

Medicaid

Back 203

LBJ's Great Society program to provide medical care to those too poor to afford it

Front 204

Medicare

Back 204

LBJ's Great Society program to provide free edical care for everyone over 65

Front 205

Melting Pot

Back 205

Progressive Era metaphor for the process of immigrant assimilation to American mainstream culture

Front 206

mercantilism

Back 206

policy of maximizing a nation's wealth by exporting more than it imports; this brings gold into a country and that is the measure of a countries wealth--how much gold it has in its treasury to fight the next war

Front 207

Middletown

Back 207

Title of a sociological study of "typical American small city" by Robert Lynd and his wife; updated several times to reveal the process of historical change while it was happening

Front 208

military-industrial complex

Back 208

President Eisenhower warned Americans in his Farewell Speech of the dangers of America losing control of the web of manufacturers, military officers, and politicians that was growing wider due to the growth of the national security state.

Front 209

Missouri Compromise

Back 209

prospect of statehtood for Missouri threw Congress into a crisis over the threaten ed imbalance in the Senate between pro- and anti-slave states. Missouri was allowed in as a slave state; Maine was carved out of MA; and southern border of Missouri was made the barrier against any further slave states

Front 210

Monkey trial

Back 210

John Scopes was charged with teaching evolution in violation of Tennessee state law. William Jennings Bryan and Clarence Darrow argued each side of the case. It was an international sensation, representative of the ckash between modernism and fundamentalism.

Front 211

Monroe Doctrine

Back 211

proclaimed the US as guardian of the Americas while pledging no US political intervention in Europe

Front 212

Muller case

Back 212

Supreme Court decided that the state of Oregon could legislate special legislation restricting the number of hours women could work at factories and laundries. Unlike Lochner, the Court argued that this law did not violate the right to freedom of contract and substantive due process. It was in support of this case that Louis Brandeis presented his famous "Brandeis brief", arguing from sociological research instead opf legal precedent.

Front 213

multilateralism

Back 213

foreign policy of securing cooperation of other nations before embarking on a major course of action that could lead to war; opposite is unilateralism

Front 214

Munich Pact

Back 214

European peace settlement unsuccessfully appeasing Hitler's hunger for more territory; he was promised a free hand in the Sudeten region of Czechoslovakia if he promised to attack no more countries.

Front 215

My Lai Massacre

Back 215

one of the worst atrcities of the Vietnam War; American platoon massacred over 100 women and children in revenge for recent deaths in their unit; this case became a national issiehhh and "referendum" on the inhumanity of the Vietnam War

Front 216

NAFTA

Back 216

North American Free Trade Agreement; removed tariffs between Mexico, US, and Canada to benefit each country's economy; still controversial and blamed for loss of American jobs

Front 217

NASA

Back 217

National Aeronautical and Space Administration; civilian agency charged with running space exploration

Front 218

NATO

Back 218

part of Truman's Cold War foreign policy; North Atlantic Treaty Orgaization; an international military alliance created to defend Western Europe against a possible Soviet invasion. The inclusion of West Germany in 1955 led USSR to create rival Warsaw Pact of Eastern European communist regimes and the USSR.

Front 219

Naturalization Act

Back 219

naturalization is the process enabling immigrants to become citizens; restricted citizenship rights to white race; the normal reidence period was five years

Front 220

Navigation Acts

Back 220

acts of British government based on mercantile policy restricting trade between colonies and other countries

Front 221

Neutrality Acts

Back 221

Congressional statutes intended to prevent the slippage of America into European war via the path of trade, finance by prohibiting sale or transport of military goods to ALL belligerent countries

Front 222

Neutrality Proclamation

Back 222

President Washington chose a neutral path in the international conflict between Great Britain and France; this angered both friends of Britain (Federalists) and of France (Republicans)

Front 223

New Federalism

Back 223

Nixon's policy of making large grants to states of federal money that they got to decoide how to spend; intended to weaken federal government power over states

Front 224

New Freedom

Back 224

Wilson's campaign platform; based on desire to limit the scale of American businesses and institutions; connected to Jeffersonian republican ideals; Wilson was forced to amend this when confronted with the real advantages and problems produced by the consolidation of American economy

Front 225

New Frontier

Back 225

JFK's slogan for his domestic policy which was meant to convey the energy of youth as opposed to the older generation of Eisenhower

Front 226

New Harmony

Back 226

Short-lived utopian community based on Robert Owen's ideas of communal living; American's were too wedded to the notion of individualism and private property

Front 227

New KKK

Back 227

inspired by the popularity of D.W. Griffith's movie, The Birth of a Nation, racist whites angry at the large numbers of new immigrants and the rising influence of Catholics and Jews, revived the KKK as a social/fraternal organization with terrorist overtones; became very popular and powerful in midwest during the reactionary Twenties

Front 228

New Left

Back 228

the New Left was the group of university-centered radicals who believed culture and politics were more important than economics; Old Left emphasized unionization and economic exploitation as main issues; NL very involved with civil rights movement, anti-ear protest; and student politics

Front 229

New Nationalism

Back 229

term Theodore Roosevelt gave to his Progressive Party bid for president in 1912; emphasized central importance of larger corporations, labor, and big government to manage the new material wealth and prosperity of America

Front 230

New Negro

Back 230

title of an anthology of essays growing out of the Harlem Renaissance expressing the new urban culture blacks were creating in northern cities like New York and Chicago

Front 231

New Nixon

Back 231

term used to describe Nixon's rebirth as a politician after his successive defeats in 1960 presidential race and 1962 CA governor's race; it turned out there wasn't much new about "Tricky Dick" once he got into the White House

Front 232

New South

Back 232

term used to describe post-Civil War efforts to transform the South from a cash-crop dependent region into an industrial based economy' effort failed until stimulus of WWII and government contracts and military bases

Front 233

NIRA

Back 233

National Industrial Recovery Act; established the NRA--National Recovery Administration; New Deal approach to regulating and planning economy; tried to organize industry-wide work and wage rules, prices, etc. on voluntary basis; midway between socialism and pure capitalism; business exploited it and the Supreme Court overturned it; FDR abandoned it by 1935

Front 234

Nixon Doctrine

Back 234

US expects its allies to take care of their own military defense and not to rely on the US, except in the cae of nuclear attack

Front 235

NLRB

Back 235

National Labor Relations Board/Wagner Act; New Deal reform of labor-management relations; protected the rights of workers to organize their own union; supervise elections to maintain fairness; recognized the right to strike; set up National Labor Relations Board to deal with labor-management disputes in special hearings and courts

Front 236

Non-Intercourse Act

Back 236

replaced Jefferson's Embargo with ban on all shipping just with France and GB

Front 237

Northwest Ordinances

Back 237

most effective piece of Confederation Congress; established system whereby territories could become states on equal footing with existing states; extended Constitutional protections to residents; mandated public education; forbid slavery

Front 238

NOW

Back 238

part of the second wave of feminism in the 1960's, NOW was organized as the moderate wing of "women's liberation"' it's goal was to bring women into the "full mainstream of society" and "equal partnership with men"

Front 239

NRA

Back 239

National Recovery Administration; see NIRA

Front 240

NRA

Back 240

National Rifle Association; anti-gun control lobby

Front 241

NSA

Back 241

National Security Administration; part of National Security state designed by Truman to fight the Cold War; headed by the National Security Advisor and his staff--a sort of foreign policy department inside the White House

Front 242

NSC-68

Back 242

Secret document outlining how Truman proposed to fight the Cold War through massive peacetime increases in military budget and foreign military aid and much expanded CIA

Front 243

nuclear deterrance

Back 243

policy of deterring Soviet aggression by conventional forces through threatening nuclear retaliation

Front 244

Nye Committee

Back 244

Congressional committee investigating the causes of American involvement in WWI; blamed it on the munitions industry--"merchants of death" who profited directly from the sales of weapons

Front 245

old lights v. new lights

Back 245

conflict between new lights-- those who approved of the Great Awakening's emphasis on emotional religion--and old lights which stuck to more educated, learned ministers; often split congregations down the middle

Front 246

Oneida

Back 246

utopian community founded in NY by John Humphrey Noyes, based on the idea of liberated marriage and human perfectibility; communalism and complex marriage

Front 247

OPEC

Back 247

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries; Arab-dominated organization that tries to set international price of oil and control its supply

Front 248

Open Door Policy

Back 248

US foreign policy, mainly directed at China and European powers, to maintain open and free access to Chinese markets without having to occupy Chinese territory or use American soldiers to do it

Front 249

Operation Desert Storm

Back 249

operation name of First Gulf War; US and allies invade Kuwait to end Iraq's occupation and illegal invasion of oil-rich region; successful in goals, but Hussein left in power and Irag divided into three zones

Front 250

Operation Iraqi Freedom

Back 250

mission name of US invasion of Iraq as part of War on Terrorism

Front 251

OSHA

Back 251

Occupational Safety and Health Administration; government agency to draw up industry rules for safe practices and then enforcer compliance; supported by Nixon

Front 252

Ostend manifesto

Back 252

secret document signed by Democratic ambassadors supporting efforts to acquire Cuba from Spain for the US; abolitionists viewed this as evidence of the expanding "slave power" attempting to extend slavery's dominion in thew Caribbean

Front 253

packing the court

Back 253

FDR's misguided attempt to manipulate the obstinate Supreme Court by increasing its members and appointing new justices who would outvote the stubborn ones; the public, even the quite supportive of FDR otherwise, hated this obvious attempt to change the system of checks and balances in the Constitution

Front 254

Paxton Boys

Back 254

group of PA backcountry Scotch-Irish settlers who formed a vigilante group in response to the threat of Pontiac's Uprising; they felt the PA government was not doing enough to protect them; they attacked and killed some peaceful Indian tribes and marched on Philadelphia to protest; yurned back by Ben Franklin

Front 255

Peace Corps

Back 255

government sponsored organization of volunteers who go abroad for a couple of years to hekp people in undeveloped countries; started by JFK

Front 256

peaceful coexistence

Back 256

Russian Communist expression to describe relationship between capitalist West and Communist East

Front 257

Pentagon Papers

Back 257

Top secret collection of every government document related to Vietnam War and what caused US involvement; leaked to press and Supreme Court ruled the government could not block their publication; this enraged Pres Nixon and he set up an illegal agency to investigate government leaks

Front 258

People's Party

Back 258

f the Farmer's Alliances and aka The Populist Party; ran on angry platform demanding major governmental reforms to allow small farmers to earn a decent income in a time of falling prices; abolish national banks; progressive income tax;direct election of Senators; civil service reform;an eight hour workday; government control of all transportation and communication; party flourished in Southwest and Great Plains, as well as in parts of the South; serious support for the Silver standard to break hold of eastern bankers on western economy

Front 259

pet banks

Back 259

After Andrew Jackson vetoes the renewal of the 2BUS charter, he withdrew federal funds and deposited them in various regional banks he and Democrats favored--their "pet banks"; this led to inflation and, eventually, the Crash of 1837

Front 260

Philippine Insurrection

Back 260

fter Spanish defeat in Spanish-American War of 1898, the US came into "possession" of Spain's Philippine colony; local freedom fighter, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, demended their fredom from the Americans; the Americans were not willing to allow it, since they had no confidence the Filipinos could survibe a challenge from the Germans or Japanese; so they put down the insurrection of the rebels in abloody conflict that cost 4,000 American lives and 500,000 Filipino lives

Front 261

Pinkney's Treaty

Back 261

treaty with Spain providing for unrestricted American access to port of New Orleans and Mississippi River for the transport of American farm produce to coast to be shipped to east coast of US or abroad to Europe

Front 262

Platt Amendment

Back 262

Congress declared that Cuba had to allow US bases on the island and that the US had the right to to intervene to preserve order, life, property, and liberty; it made Cuba an American protectorate

Front 263

Plessy v. Ferguson

Back 263

Congress declared that Cuba had to allow US bases on the island and that the US had the right to to intervene to preserve order, life, property, and liberty; it made Cuba an American protectorate

Front 264

political machines

Back 264

ueban political organizations based on the exchange of personal benefits for political support; graft and corruption were built into the systen; depended on the neediness and lack of public services for the poor and working class

Front 265

Poor People's March

Back 265

in the last year of his life Martin Luther King, Jr. orgainizeda Poor People's March on Washington, D.C. to dramatize the persistance of poverty for all minority groups and rural whites; it continued after his death, though the nation was mostly indifferent after 1968

Front 266

popery

Back 266

terms used by nativist Protestants to describe Roman Catholics whose "loyalty" was thought to be divided between America and the Pope' mostly directed toward Irish Catholic immigrants during the 19th century

Front 267

popular sovereignty

Back 267

term most closely identified with Stephen Douglas; idea that residents of territory can make the determination about the legality of slavery, nit the US Congress; intended to remove the national impasse on the issue and "federalize" it; Kansas was organized this way and it was a disaster; Dred Scot decision made it unconstitutional since it took all authority on slavery away from Congress or any political entity anserable to Congress

Front 268

Port Huron Statement

Back 268

of founding principles by the SDS--Students for a Democratic Society, the main voice of the New Left; emphasized overriding importance of the freedom of personal expression and a communitarian approach to social life, as well as the vital importance of participatory democracy and power sharing from the ground up as opposed to individualism; critiqued the mass, impersonal society of suburban conformity and corporate blandness

Front 269

Proclamation of 1763

Back 269

ritish proclamation that forbade any further white settlement beyond the ridge of the Appalachian Mountains; intended to maintain peace between Indians and whites after Pontiac's Uprising; deeply angered colonial elites whose land titles to millions of acres were put into doubt and ignored by land-hungry settlers

Front 270

Progressive Party

Back 270

party formed by Theodore Roosevelt to challenge Republicanism of Taft; based on Roosevelt's New Nationalism ideology that big government was necessary to monitor and regulate big business and labor

Front 271

protectionism

Back 271

economic philosophy that the government should protect American business and labor by restricting--through quotas or tariffs--the importation of foreign-made goods

Front 272

Pueblo Revolt

Back 272

most successful Indian revolt in American history; organized by Pueblo Indians against their Spanish rulers in New Mexico; caused by Spanish exploitation and oppression of Native tribes through overwork and denying them their native religious traditions by forced conversions; it lsted for 12 years until the Spanish returned in force to re-impose their rule

Front 273

Quartering Act

Back 273

of the Coercive/Intolerable Acts; colonists, especially in Boston and New York, were required to pay or provide shelter for British troops stationed in their communities; regarded as an unfair tax;

Front 274

Quebec Act

Back 274

B extended the domain in which French Quebec Roman Catholics could settle and practuce their faith to the Ohio River Valley; outraged and threatened Protestant American settlers who believed Roman Catholicism incompatible with republicanism and loyalty

Front 275

Radical Republicans

Back 275

early advocates of slave emancipation; pressed Lincoln to go further and do more to abolish slavery and provide decent prospects for freed slaves; supported harsh peace terms on defeated South; gained great influence after Lincoln's death and the failure of President Johnson's leadership during Reconstruction; led by Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner

Front 276

Rainbow Coalition

Back 276

Jesse Jackson's multi-racial, multi-ethnic coalition of support for his bid to become President

Front 277

Reagan Doctrine

Back 277

Reagan's foreign policy of actively seeking to provide military aid and economic support to help any group seeking to overthrow communist governments, especially in Latin America; intended to diminish influence of Soviet Union while opening the door for democracy

Front 278

Reagan revolution

Back 278

move to more conservative economic and political policies; reduction of government spending and of taxes; more aggressive foreign policy against Soviet Union and communism

Front 279

Reaganomics

Back 279

Pro-business economic policy; lowering taxes on the rich will stimulate economic growth, leading to higher incomes, and ultimately higher government revenues; aka "supply-side" economics; taxes were cut, growth did occur, but the revenues did not increase enough, and the federal deficit exploded

Front 280

realism

Back 280

late 19th century artistic philosophy of painters, poets, and writers that artists should not try to "prettify" nature and society but tell the gritty truth; truth alone was worthwhile, not "beauty"

Front 281

Redeemers

Back 281

term used to describe white supremacists who rejected black participation in Reconstruction governments; used violence and intimidation to prevent blacks and sympathetic whites from voting; thus returning the South to white rule

Front 282

Reform Darwinism

Back 282

identified with Lester Ward; belief that Darwin's ideas did not mean Social Darwinism; belief that cooperation amongst higher species more important than conflict and competition; optimistic view of evolution; believed thsat organized activity--in business and government--can do much to improve life for all

Front 283

Regulator Movement

Back 283

in back country over the failure of eastern seaboard-dominated colonial governments to provide necessary protections against Indians and lawless disorder; these groups demanded change and marched on colonial assemblies to demand change' resulted in bloody skirmishes

Front 284

Reonstruction Finance Corporation

Back 284

ditch effort by Hoover to provide government aid to largest banks and businesses to avoid economic collapse' too little too late, though FDR adopted the idea in the New Deal

Front 285

Republican Party

Back 285

Jefferson's party; opposed to the urban, commercial society promoted by Hamilton's Federalists; promoted agrarian republicanism of small, self-sufficient landowners who were only marginally involved in the market economy; believed in small, inobtrusive government

Front 286

republican motherhood

Back 286

that mothers performed essential task of raising children to be virtuous, patriotic citizens of the republic and put the common good before their personal good

Front 287

Revolution of 1800

Back 287

election of Thomas Jefferson as first non-Federalist President; peaceful transfer of power from one political faction to another; Jefferson put in place a belief in small goverment, small defense force; and an emphasis on expending opportunity for the common man

Front 288

Robber Barons

Back 288

term used by their critics to describe the illegal methods used by the big businessmen like Carnegie, Rockefeller, Morgan, and Gould to amass their business empires and fortunes

Front 289

Roe v. Wade

Back 289

decision by Supreme Court that every woman has the right, based on a right to privacy about the most personal issues, to a legal abortion; no state can prohibit abortion

Front 290

Roosevelt recession

Back 290

of deep recession during New Deal when Roosevelt cut government spending in order to reduce deficit; economy fell because private business did not repond with investment and higher spending, causing the economy to contract

Front 291

Sacco & Vanzetti

Back 291

pair of Italian immigrants charged and convicted of armed robbery and murder of a bank guard; flimsy evidence and unfair trial led to international protest of their innocence; both were executed in 1927; example of reactionary feelings against immigrants and dissent during the Twenties

Front 292

SALT I

Back 292

Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty; agreement between US and USSR not to build anti-ballistic missiles and provoke another round of building up nuclear weapons to counter these

Front 293

SALT II

Back 293

to actually begin redusing the number of redundant nuclear missiles possessed by both US and USSR; Senate failed to ratify this treaty after Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan

Front 294

scabs

Back 294

term used to describe non-union workers who were willing to work in the middle of a strike;

Front 295

scalawags

Back 295

used to describe Southern white Republicans who worked with blacks to Reconstruct the South

Front 296

SCLC

Back 296

Southern Christian Leadership Council; organization of black ministers committed to achieving full equality for blacks in the South; led by Martin Luther King, jr.

Front 297

Scopes trial

Back 297

"the Monkey Trial"; John Scopes charged with illegally teaching evolution in small Tennessee high school; trial gained international attention as contest between religious fundamentalism and biblical literalism and modern science

Front 298

Scotsboro Boys

Back 298

trial in AL when nine African American youths were charged and convicted of the rape of two white women; all white jury accepted false testimony from "victims" and voted the death penalty for all but youngest defendant; Supreme Court overturned conviction; they were retried and convicted again; AL, under intense public pressure, freed and paroled all but one,who later escaped

Front 299

SDI

Back 299

Strategic Defense Initiative; aka "Star Wars"; Reagan's dream of a missile defense shield; has never been built and deployed but created a sensation when proposed because it would have upset the MAD doctrine of the Cold War

Front 300

SDS

Back 300

Students for a Democratic Society; principal organizers of the idealistic New Left protest against anonymous, corporate conformity and oppressive National Security state; emphasized cultural and political issues more than economic issues; early supporters of civil rights movement and opponents of the Vietnam War

Front 301

Sedition Act of 1918

Back 301

WWI law that made it illegal to speak out against the War in any way; used to convict Eugene Debs when he challenged the legitimacy of the draft; upheld by Supreme Court as legitimate restriction of free speech during wartime

Front 302

separatists

Back 302

Pilgrims at Plymouth MA were separatists; they wished to separate from the Church of England and live quietly on their own; the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay were NOT separayists; they wanted to "purify" the Church of popery

Front 303

Shakers

Back 303

utopian community of believers who took vows of celibacy and waited for the end of the world; best known for their musical liturgy of dance and their elegant, simple designs for furniture and building

Front 304

sharecropping

Back 304

system that replaced slavery in South; landless black and white farmers would raise cotton on land that belonged to whites with tools and seed loaned to them, and would share the profits from the sale of the cotton; sharecroppers--white and black--were hopelessly in debt to their landlords

Front 305

Sherman Antitrust Act

Back 305

Congressional legislation prohibiting monopolies in restraint of trade; intended to promote competition and protect consumers; FTC set up to enforce; rarely applied to businesses until Progressive presidents like Roosevelt and Taft; unions prosecuted under its provisions

Front 306

Slave Power

Back 306

term used by abolitionists to describe the expanding economic and political power of advocates of slave system

Front 307

SNCC

Back 307

Student Non Violent Coordinating Committee; youth group growing out of SCLC; organized sit-ins, Freedom Riders, Freedom Summer, then grew increasingly militant and supported "black power" separatist ideology by the mid-sixties

Front 308

Social Darwinism

Back 308

ideology that believed human society worked on Darwinian "survival of the fittest" principles; only unregulated competition would produce the best ideas and leaders for society; efforts to help the weak and unsuccessful were counterproductive and a waste of resources;

Front 309

Social Security Act

Back 309

a federal program to support the elderly, the disabled, and the orphaned through payroll deductions and business contributions; most popular government program ever devised in US; even conservatives don't dare touch it; limitations: domestics and farm workers not covered--excluded most African American men and women in 1935

Front 310

spoils system

Back 310

Andrew Jackson "cleaned house" when he became president and appointed his loyal supporters to choice government offices; this offended many established politicians since Jackson's supporters tended to be less educated and polished than previous office holders; Jackson believed that a "rotation" of officials was a healthy thing since it prevented too much corruption; "To the victors belong the spoils [of war]."

Front 311

Spread Eagle

Back 311

super patriotism of Manifest Destiny; an American eagle with its wings outspread became the symbol of growing American power and prosperity

Front 312

Square Deal

Back 312

Theodore Roosevelt's campaign slogan to describe what American workers and businessmen could expect from him; believed that a strong, vigorous government that acted as an umpire between all the special interests was necessary for this country's success

Front 313

stagflation

Back 313

Combination of no economic growth (stagnation) and high inflation--two trends that usually don't go together; used to describe American economy in the 1970's under Nixon, Ford, and Carter

Front 314

Stamp Act

Back 314

British bill that required colonists to purchase special stamps to conduct legal business and send newspapers through the mail; intended as a revenue measure to help pay for the costs of defending North America

Front 315

Stamp Act Congress

Back 315

Colonists rejected the Stamp Act as an illegitimate infringement of their traditional rights to self-government; they organized a united colonial protest and non-importation agreements; Parliament repealed the Act

Front 316

Star Wars

Back 316

see SDI

Front 317

START

Back 317

Reagan's proposal that the US and USSR negotiate a reduction of nuclear weapons; START I and START II were the largest, most complex, and most successful reductions of nuclear weapons in history

Front 318

states' rights

Back 318

part of the "compact theory" of the Constitution; states, not the people, had formed the Union, and they could leave it if they liked, or refuse to cooperate or obey the federal government if they chose, too; after the Civil War the term expressed the idea that there were constitutional limits on the power of the federal goverment to legislate for the states

Front 319

Stono Rebellion

Back 319

planned rebellion of recently arrived African slaves in South Carolina; intended to escape to Florida; conspirators caught and executed; SC temporarilly halted importation of slaves and toughened up its slave code as a result

Front 320

strict constructionism

Back 320

Jefferson's philosophy of interpreting the Constitution; the federal government has only those powers explicitly stated in the Constitution; no "implied powers"

Front 321

substantive due process

Back 321

Supreme Court doctrine stating that no legislative body can deprive property owners of their property or their use of it for any purpose; used to prevent laws regulating business during Industrial Revolution

Front 322

supply side economics

Back 322

see Reaganomics

Front 323

Taft-Hartley Act

Back 323

major setback for the labor movement following rash of post-WW II strikes; permitted states to allow open shops; prohibited wildcat strikes, secondary boycotts, mandatory political contributions; mandatory "cooling off period" if strikes threatened national health or safety

Front 324

taking the fifth

Back 324

testifying witnesses before Congressional investigating committees would "take the fifth[amendment]" and refuse to answer on the grounds of self-incrimination

Front 325

Tallmedge Amendment

Back 325

proposed by Tallmadge of NY during Missouri application for statehood forbidding the further introduction of slavery into Missouri and gradually emancipating its existing slaves and their children; provoked a firestorm of controversy and, eventually, the Missouri Compromise

Front 326

Tariff of Abominations

Back 326

duties on imports were set so high that its opponents--mostly Southern--denounced it as the Tariff of Abominations; provoked the Nullification Crisis between South Carolina and President Jackson

Front 327

task & gang system

Back 327

systems to manage slave labor; task system used in South Carolina--slaves given specific tasks, work without direct supervision and quit when done; gang system--slaves work under eye of gang leader all day long; used more in Chesapeake area

Front 328

Teapot Dome

Back 328

major scandal of Harding administration; oil leases were let out for far less than they were worth in return for bribes and kickbacks to federal officials

Front 329

Teller Amendment

Back 329

Congressional resolution that the US had no territorial ambitions in Cuba after it was freed from Spanish rule; nevertheless, the US governed Cuba directly and undirectly for 50 years

Front 330

Ten Percent Plan

Back 330

Lincoln's wartime plan of reconstruction; if 10% of the voters of any rebelling state took an oath of allegiance to the Union and agreed to accept Emancipation of slaves

Front 331

tenement housing

Back 331

very cheap and shoddy housing for poor immigrants and workers who crowded into small apartments

Front 333

Tet Offensive

Back 333

the Communist South Vietnamese--known as the VietCong--launched a bold attack on the urban centers of South Vietnam and succeeded at taking the US Army and South Vietnamese forces by surprise; though the Americans were ultimately victorious, Americans were shocked to see major cities under attack by an enemy the public was told was nearly defeated. This was a major turning point in public support for the Vietnm war.

Front 334

The Grange

Back 334

Cooperative social and economic farmers organization that eventually became the basis for the populist Farmer's Alliances.

Front 335

Three Mile Island

Back 335

the nuclear reactor in PA that nearly had a melt-down; signalled the end of the nuclear power industry

Front 336

Three-fifths Clause

Back 336

Delegates at the Constitutional Convention quarreled over how slaves should be counted for purposes of representation. Southern slave owners wanted each slave to count as one person; northerners didn't want slaves to count at all since they could not vote themselves and southerners regarded them as property, not persons. A compromise was reached to count them as 3/5 of a person for the purposes of both representation and taxation. The 3/5 rule gave southerners an electoral advantage throughout the 19th century.

Front 337

trades unions

Back 337

unions based on workers with the same skills or trades who worked in different factories

Front 338

Transcendentalism

Back 338

spiritual philosophy based on Romanticism; believed that each person shared a universal or transcendental "oversoul" that was the source of wisdom; protested against the practical values of the marketplace revolution

Front 339

Treaty of Greenville

Back 339

treaty signed with Indians of Ohio Valley after their defeat at the Battle of Fallen Timbers; their sale of land opened up much of the Ohio Valley to white settlers

Front 340

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

Back 340

notorious fire in NYC sweatshop that claimed the lives of 148 female garment workers who were locked in to to their rooms and couldn't make it to the fire escapes; led to huge demonstrations, protests and state reform of working conditions for immigrant labor

Front 341

trickle down economics

Back 341

Andrew Mellon's philosophy of how cutting taxes for the rich would ultimately "trickle down" to the poor who would have more jobs because of investment and expansion by the rich

Front 342

Truman Doctrine

Back 342

Truman's announcement that the US would come to the assistance of any country struggling to maintain independence and freedom against communist aggressors; first used to defend Greece and Turkey right after WWII; part of Truman's Cold War strategy

Front 343

TVA

Back 343

Tennessee Valley Authority; part of FDR's New Deal; hydroelectric dam project to harness energy of Southeast rivers to electrify economically backward Appalachian region; expanded to include building roads, bridges and improving public health and modernize farming techniques; attacked by conservatives as "creeping socialism" since the TVA competed with private energy companies

Front 344

U-2 incident

Back 344

embarrassing international incident when U-2 reconnaisance (spy) plane was shot down over Soviet airspace; pilot Gary Powers was captured and later convicted of spying; after two years of prison he was released in a spy exchange; incident soured thawing relations between US and USSR

Front 345

Underwood tariff

Back 345

first serious reduction in tariff rates in 60 years; under Woodrow Wilson, a Democrat who opposed the tariff

Front 346

UNIA

Back 346

Universal Negro Improvement Association; Marcus Garvey's self-help organization for poor and working class urban blacks who believed they could be part of the "black power", pan-African movement for the uplifting of all black peoples in the world

Front 347

unilateralism

Back 347

foreign policy of "going it alone"

Front 348

union blacklisting

Back 348

one of the tools factory owners used to defeat unions; they kept lists of union organizers and refused to hire them

Front 349

universal manhood suffrage

Back 349

philosophy of allowing all white males to vote, even if they didn't own property--previously a necessary requirement in the republican theory of citizenship-you had to be a "stakeholder" in society by owning land to be trusted with the vote; part of the democratic revolution of the common man of the first half of the 19th century

Front 350

utopian communities

Back 350

idealistic movement of reaction to the undesirable features of the marketplace revolution of 1800-1850--competition, work drudgery, greed, etc.; most of these communities had a special "mission" to reform human nature; they withdrew from society instead of trying to change society

Front 351

vertical & horizontal integration

Back 351

two methods of business organization and expansion during the 1865-1900 period; vertical integration meant owning all the pieces of the manufacturing process from acquiring raw materials to manufacturing to distributing and marketing to final customers; horizontal integration meant buying out your competitors in your market and creating a monopoly; the most successful companies--like Carnegie Steel and Standard OIl--did both

Front 352

Vietnamization

Back 352

Nixon's "secret plan" for ending the US participation in the Vietnam War (not the war itself) was to turn more of the fighting over to trained units of the South Vietnamese Army; it succeeded in eliminating the need for an extensive draft and gradually led to fewer American soldiers in Vietnam and falling casualty figures

Front 353

virtual representation

Back 353

the British theory of representation in Parliament; every MP represented the "entire nation" not just his particular district; Amewricans rejected this theory in favor of actual representation

Front 354

VISTA

Back 354

Volunteers In Serivce to America;LBJ's domestic equivalent of the Peace Corps

Front 355

Voting Rights Act 1965

Back 355

eliminated unfair electoral rules that were intended to disenfranchise African American voters; eliominated literacy tests or the poll tax

Front 356

Wade-Davis Bill

Back 356

Radical Republican Reconstruction proposal for readmission of Confederate states; much tougher requirements than Lincoln's 10% Plan; a majority of a states citizens had to swear an "ironclad oath" that they had never participated in the rebellion for the state to be readmitted; passed by both houses of Congress but vetoed by Lincoln; he died before they could reach a definite compromise on the terms of readmission

Front 357

Wagner Act

Back 357

major reform of labor law in the US; part of FDR's New Deal; Wagner was liberal NY senator; established NLRB and recognized workers' right to organize and to bargain collectively

Front 358

War Hawks

Back 358

Group of westerners and southerners who advocated war with Great Britain in 1812 because they wanted the US to expand into Canada and Florida, then under British and Spanish control, because the Europeans were too occupied with their war with Napolean; Henry Clay, John Calhoun were most important proponents

Front 359

War on Poverty

Back 359

LBJ's social policy of programs aimed at helping the poor with better child care, medical care, education, and welfare benefits

Front 360

WCTU

Back 360

Women's Christian Temperance Union; one of the main temperance societies in the US; attacked evils of alcohol because of its destructive effects on wives, mothers, and families

Front 361

Weathermen

Back 361

violent, extreme faction of the SDS who believed the "establishment" would not change unless it were attacked

Front 362

Whig Party

Back 362

Henry Clay's opposition to "King Andrew's" vetoes was called the Whig Party--very similar to modern Republican Party; pro-business; strongly middle-class values; moral reform of immigrants, etc

Front 363

Whiskey Rebellion

Back 363

revolt of whiskey distillers against Hamilton's program of raising revenue for federal govewrnment by taxing the production and distribution of whiskey; fell hardest on poorer farmers of western PA who supplemented income with distilling whiskey; Hamilton and Washington led an army of US militia to western PA to put down the revolt;

Front 364

White Citizens Councils

Back 364

organizations of white racists during civil rights era who opposed protests and efforts to register black voters; endorsed the use of violence against organizers and blacks

Front 365

Wilmot Proviso

Back 365

PA Democratic Congressmen Wilmot proposed a resolution that the US would not introduce slavery into any of the territory it might gain as a result of the war with Mexico; passed the House but never the Senate; caused a firestorm of controversy--much like Tallmadge Amendment in 1819 leading to the Missouri Compromise;

Front 366

WPA

Back 366

Works Progress Administration; part of FDR's recovery arm of the New Deal; hired millions of unemployed people to work on public works projects like schools, hospitals, roads, parks, bridges, etc; attacked by Republicans as make-work boondoggles

Front 367

XYZ Affair

Back 367

scandal during John Adams' administration as it tried to negotiate with the French government; French diplomats demanded bribes to "X,Y,and Z" (nameless) just to be seen; Americans outraged at treatment by French; insult helped foster anti-French feeling

Front 368

YAF

Back 368

Young Americans for Freedom; organization of conservative young Republicans fed up with the moderate policies of Eisenhower; supported Barry Goldwater and laid the groundwork for the Reagan Revolution of 1980

Front 369

Yalta Conference

Back 369

WWII conference in February 1945 of the "Big Three"--FDR, Churchill, and Stalin--debating the postwar organization of Europe; occupation of Eastern Europe and Germany by Russian army forced FDR and Churchill to agree to Soviet demands of control of those countries on its borders; since Poland was the "cause" of WWII, and there were millions of Polish immigrants in the US, this was always regarded by Repuiblicans and conservatives as a "sell-out"

Front 370

yellow dog contracts

Back 370

factory owners demanded that workers sign a contract promising never to join a union, or they would lose their job

Front 371

yellow press

Back 371

the cheap penny press of Hearst and Pulitzer that featured lots of visuals and stories featuring violence and thrills

Front 372

Zimmermann Telegram

Back 372

top-secret German telegram to the Mexican government during WWI offering Mexico the return of lands lost in the Mexican War if it would attack and distract the US, and thus weaken its efforts in support of European allies; when news of this was released to the public in 1917, it helped stoke public anger against Germany as a real threat to the US and to support of Wilson's declaration of war a few months later

Front 373

Zoot Suit Riots

Back 373

US sailors, stationed near the Chicano neighborhoods in LA during WWII, often came into conflict with the young Mexicans who dressed in"zoot suits"--pleated, baggy trousers, and overlong, wide coats; sudden influx of Mexican immigrants during WWII labor shortage exacerbated tensions between whites and Chicanos