Apush Chapter 16

Front 1

Andrew Johnson

Back 1

Abraham Lincoln’s successor as the President of the United States.

Front 2

Black codes

Back 2

Laws passed after the Civil War that restricted the rights of freed slaves. It established racial segregation in public places; most prohibited racial intermarriage, jury service by blacks, and court testimony by blacks against whites. All codes included provisions that effectively barred former slaves from leaving the plantations. South Carolina required special licenses for blacks who wished to enter nonagricultural employment. Mississippi prohibited blacks from buying and selling farmland. Most states required annual contracts between landowners and black agricultural workers and provided that blacks without lawful employment would be arrested as vagrants and their labor auctioned off to employers who would pay their fines.

Front 3

Charles Sumner

Back 3

Massachusetts senator from the Radical party who was one of the leading advocates for a reconstruction program after the Civil War.

Front 4

Civil Right act of 1875

Back 4

Proposed by Charles Sumner, it was designed to desegregate schools, transportation facilities, juries, and public accommodations. But in 1883, in the Civil Rights Cases, the Supreme Court invalidated the law; the Fourteenth Amendment did not prohibit discrimination by individuals, the Court ruled, only that perpetrated by the state.

Front 5

Civil rights act of 1866

Back 5

The first major law ever passed over a presidential veto. It made blacks U.S. citizens with the same civil rights as other citizens and authorized federal intervention in the states to ensure black rights in court.

Front 6

Compromise of 1877

Back 6

Allowed Rutherford Hayes to become the President of the United States with the condition that he would remove federal troops in the South

Front 7

Enforcement Acts

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A series of laws that were meant to protect Southern blacks. The first one protected black voters, but witnesses to violations were afraid to testify against vigilantes, and local juries refused to convict them. The second provided for federal supervision of southern elections, and the third one, or Ku Klux Klan Act, strengthened punishments for those who prevented blacks from voting. It also empowered the president to use federal troops to enforce the law and to suspend the writ of habeas corpus in areas that he declared in insurrection.

Front 8

Exodusters

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Freedmen who migrated from the South to the North and Midwest for better opportunities

Front 9

Fifteenth amendment

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Prohibited the denial of suffrage by the states to any citizen on account of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”

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Fourteenth amendment

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Declared that all persons born or naturalized in the United States were citizens of the nation and citizens of their states and that no state could abridge their rights without due process of law or deny them equal protection of the law. It guaranteed that if a state denied suffrage to any of its male citizens, its representation in Congress would be proportionally reduced. This clause did not guarantee black suffrage, but it threatened to deprive southern states of some legislators if black men were denied the vote.

Front 11

Greenback Party

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The political party that opposed the silver–based currency and fought to keep greenbacks in circulation.

Front 12

Ku Klax Klan

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A “social club” formed by six young Confederate war veterans. The Klan performed elaborate rituals, wore hooded costumes, and had secret passwords. It sought to suppress black voting, reestablish white supremacy, and topple the Reconstruction governments.

Front 13

Liberal Republicans

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Republicans who endorsed economic doctrines such as free trade, the gold standard, and the law of supply and demand.

Front 14

Presidential Reconstruction

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Andrew Johnson’s bold move to governments—Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Texas. Almost all southerners who took an oath of allegiance would receive a pardon and amnesty, and all their property except slaves would be restored. Oath takers could elect delegates to state conventions, which would provide for regular elections. Each state convention, Johnson later added, would have to proclaim the illegality of secession, repudiate state debts incurred when the state belonged to the Confederacy, and ratify the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery

Front 15

Reconstruction act of 1867

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Divided ten former Confederate states into five temporary military districts, each run by a Union general, and allowed voters—all black men, plus those white men who had not been disqualified by the Fourteenth Amendment— to elect delegates to a state convention that would write a new state constitution granting black suffrage. It enfranchised blacks and disfranchised many ex–Confederates. It fulfilled a central goal of the Radical Republicans: to delay the readmission of former Confederate states until Republican governments could be established and thereby prevent an immediate rebel resurgence.

Front 16

sharecropping

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A system where landowners subdivided large plantations into farms of thirty to fifty acres, which they rented to freedmen under annual leases for a share of the crop, usually half. It forced planters to relinquish daily control over the labor of freedmen but helped to preserve the planter elite.

Front 17

Slaughterhouse cases

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They involved a business monopoly rather than freedmen’s rights, but they provided an opportunity to interpret the Fourteenth amendment narrowly. In 1869, the Louisiana legislature had granted a monopoly over the New Orleans slaughterhouse business to one firm and closed down all other slaughterhouses in the interest of public health. The excluded butchers brought suit. The state had deprived them of their lawful occupation without due process of law, they claimed, and such action violated the Fourteenth Amendment. The Supreme Court upheld the Louisiana legislature the Fourteenth Amendment, declared the Court, protected only the rights of national citizenship, such as the right of interstate travel or the right to federal protection on the high seas. It did not protect those basic civil rights that fell to citizens by virtue of their state citizenship.

Front 18

Susan B Anthony

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Women’s rights leader who contended that the Fifteenth Amendment established an “aristocracy of sex” and increased women’s disadvantages.

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Tenure of Office Act

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Prohibited the president from removing civil officers without Senate consent and barred the president from issuing military orders except through the commanding general, Ulysses S. Grant, who could not be removed without the Senate’s consent.

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Thaddeus Stevens

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Pennsylvania senator from the Radical party who was one of the leading advocates for a reconstruction program after the Civil War.