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97 Cards in this Set

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Chinese Exclusion Act
(1882) Federal law that suspended Chinese immigration to America for 40 years. Chinese worked for very little pay, Americans intimidated.
Wounded Knee
(1890)Also known as The Battle at Wounded Knee Creek, was the last major armed conflict between the Lakota Sioux (Ghost Dance Cult) and the United States, subsequently described as a "massacre" by General Nelson A
Buffalo
Used to dominate great plains and Native Americans had long lived off the buffalo while sustaining their population. Whites killed off many buffalo for food and fun, also because they blocked the railroad, and the many cattle bred in the area contributed to the plummeting of the buffalo population.
Dawes Severalty Act of 1887
(1887) An act that broke up Indian reservations and distributed land to individual households. Leftover land was sold for money to fund U.S. government efforts to "civilize" Native Americans. Of 130 million acres held in Native American reservations before the Act, 90 million were sold to non-Native buyers.
Comstock Lode
(1858) First discovered by Henry Comstock, some of the most plentiful and valuable silver was found here, causing many Californians to migrate here, and settle Nevada.
Pacific Railway Act of 1862
1862 legislation to encourage the construction of a transcontinental railroad, connecting the West to industries in the Northeast (Union Pacific and Central Pacific RR)
Open-range ranching
grasslands of public land on the great plains where ranchers could graze their cattle for free. ended where farmers moved and fenced off the area 1880s
Assimilation
the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another
Reservations
The system that allotted land with designated boundaries to Native American tribes in the west, beginning in the 1850s and ending with the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. Within these reservations, most land was used communally, rather than owned individually. The U.S. government encouraged and sometimes violently coerced Native Americans to stay on the reservations at all times.
Battle of Little Bighorn
1876 Battle in the Black Hills of the Dakota Territory where Custer's Seventh Cavalry was massacred when they attempted to suppress the Sioux and return them to their reservation. Crazy Horse led the Sioux in battle, and killed every one of Custer's men. The Indians were later pursued over the plains and crushed in a series of battles.
Barbed wire
Barbed wire was invented and patented by Joseph Glidden in 1874 and had a major impact on the cattle industry of the Western U.S. Accustomed to allowing their cattle to roam the open range, many farmers objected to barbed wire. Others used it to fence in land or cattle that did not belong to them.
Bessemer Process
Bessemer invented a process for removing air pockets from iron, and thus allowed steel to be made. This made skyscrapers possible, advances in shipbuilding, construction, etc
Thomas A. Edison
Inventor of lightbulb, phonograph and numerous other innovations
Cornelius Vanderbilt
United States financier who accumulated great wealth from railroad and shipping businesses (1794-1877)
Jay Gould
an American financier that was partnered with James Fisk in tampering with the railroad stocks for personal profit He, like other railroad kings, controlled the lives of the people more than the president did and pushed the way to cooperation among the kings where they developed techniques such as pooling.
James Hill
The most efficient and public-minded of the early railroad-building industrialists He also assisted farmers in the northern areas served by his rail lines. completed one of the five transatlantic railroads, the Great Northern in 1893
George Westinghouse
used high voltage currents to transmit electricity over long distances. Developed the alternating current system and acquired and improved an electric motor.
George Pullman
the inventor of the Pullman Car, which was a luxurious train car for the rich. These cars helped convince the rich to take the train.
J.P.Morgan
emerged as the most famous investment banker of his age when corporations wanted to grow but lacked the money to purchase new equipment and expand production. Morgan facilitated the union between finance and industry by channeling European capital into the U.S. Morgan became one of the first to, for a share of the profits, would loan a corporation such great amounts of money for expansion
Rebates
a refund of some fraction of the amount paid
Andrew Carnegie
Scottish-born industrialist who developed the U.S. steel industry; his is a rags-to-riches story as he made a fortune in business and sold his holdings in 1901 for $447 million. He spent the rest of his life giving away $350 million to worthy cultural and educational causes.
John D. Rockefeller
formed Standard Oil Trust and controlled ninety-five percent of the all the oil refineries in the nation
Trust
an economic method that had other companies assigns their stocks to the board of trust who would manage them. This made the head of the board, or the corporate leader wealthy, and at the same time killed off competitors not in the trust. This method was used/developed by Rockefeller, and helped him become extremely wealthy. It was also used in creating monopolies.
Laissez-faire
do not want the government to interfere in business matters, or if governments do involve themselves in business matters, to keep government influence to a minimum
Social Darwinism
This was a belief held by many that stated that the rich were rich and the poor were poor due to natural selection in society. This was the basis of many people who promoted a laissez fairee style of economy.
National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry
It was a farmers; movement involving the affiliation of local farmers into area and to work for their political and economic advantages. The official name of the National Grange is the Patrons of Husbandry the Granger movement was successful in regulating the railroads and grain warehouses
Interstate Commerce Act
(1887) signed into law by President Grover Cleveland, created the Interstate Commerce Commission. The members of the commission were appointed by the President with the consent of the Senate. This was the first of the so-called Fourth Branch agencies. Its aim was to regulate surface transportation (initially railroads, later trucking), to ensure fair prices and regulate other aspects of the conduct of common carriers
Sherman Antitrust Act
First United States law to limit trusts and big business. Said that any trust that was purposefully restraining interstate trade was illegal.
Knights of Labor
(1886) grew rapidly because of a combination of their open-membership policy, the continuing industrialization of the American economy, and the growth of urban population; welcomed unskilled and semiskilled workers, including women, immigrants, and African Americans; were idealists who believed they could eliminate conflict between labor and managements. Their goal was to create a cooperative society in which laborers owned the industries in which they worked.
Haymarket Riot
(1886) The riot took place in Chicago between rioters and the police. It ended when someone threw a bomb that killed dozens. The riot was suppressed, and in addition with the damaged reputation of unions, it also killed the Knights of Labor, who were seen as anarchists.
AFL
(American Federation of Labor) Federation of craft labor unions lead by Samuel Gompers that arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor
Pullman Strike
1894 strike against a rail car company after wages were depleted by 1/3 but company town rent was not correspondingly lowered. Strike led by Eugene V. Debs, leader of American Railway Union. Cars were overturned from Chicago to the Pacific Coast, halting rail traffic. Federal troops were brought in on the excuse that the workers were interfering with transit of mail.
Munn v. Illinois
(1876) seemed like a victory for the Grangers movement and represented a step toward greater governmental regulation of the economy. The court decided that states had the right to regulate commerce within their states (particularly railroad and grain elevator companies), but this decision was largely overturned 10 years later by the Wabash case.
Eugene V. Debs
Supreme Court case that upheld state restrictions on the working hours of women. Head of the American Railway Union and director of the Pullman strike; he was imprisoned along with his associates for ignoring a federal court injunction to stop striking. While in prison, he read Socialist literature and emerged as a Socialist leader in America.
U.S. v. E.C. Knight
(1895) The Supreme Court ruled that since the Knight Company's monopoly over the production of sugar had no direct effect on commerce, the company couldn't be controlled by the government. It also ruled that mining and manufacturing weren't affected by interstate commerce laws and were beyond the regulatory power of Congress.
Granger Movement
a farmers' organization and movement that started as a social/educational association; the Grange later organized politically to pass a series of laws to regulate railroads in various states.
Jacob Riis
Early 1900's muckraker who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with his novel "How The Other Half Lives"; exposed the poor conditions of the poor tenements in NYC and Hell's Kitchen
Nativism
movement based on hostility to immigrants; motivated by ethnic tensions and religious bias; considered immigrants as despots overthrowing the American republic; feared anti-Catholic riots and competition from low-paid immigrant workers
New immigration
Term used to describe the influx of people, during the late 19th century. Travelers came from Canada, Mexico, Latin America, China, Japan, and mainly Europe
Tenements
Term given to the overcrowded housing for workers and the poor, referred to as "slum dwellings."
Cholera
1832: first truly national epidemic. Followed the transportation lines from NYC -> Hudson River -> Erie Canal -> Ohio -> Mississippi River -> New Orleans. NYC -> shipping lines up and down the East Coast.
Leisure activities
sports, spectating sports, such as football, hockey, baseball
Social Gospel
the religious doctrines preached by those who believed that the churches should directly address economic and social problems
Settlement Houses
a house where immigrants came to live upon entering the U.S. Instruction was given in English and how to get a job, among other things. The first Settlement House was the Hull House, which was opened by Jane Addams in Chicago in 1889. These centers were usually run by educated middle class women. The houses became centers for reform in the women's and labor movements.
Hull House
Settlement house founded by progressive reformer Jane Adams in Chicago in 1889
First streetcars
First streetcars in Richmond Virginia. The spread of mass transit allowed large numbers of people to become commuters, and a growing middle class retreated to quieter, tree-lined "streetcar suburbs" from whence they could travel into the central city for business or entertainment.
Foran Act
penalized employers who imported contract laborers from abroad; a creation spawned from the Knights of Labor
Brooklyn Bridge
A product of the technological advancements in the late 1800s; designed by John Roebling and opened to public use in May 1883.
Morrill Act
Act by which "land grant" colleges acquired space for campuses in return for promising to institute agricultural programs
New Universities
Stanford, Johns Hopkins, University of Chicago. Harvard and Johns Hopkins Models. Rise in colleges- 350 colleges in 1878 to 500 colleges in 1889. The goals of the American changed intellectually.
John Dewey
was an American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer, whose thoughts and ideas have been greatly influential in the United States and around the world. He, along with Charles Sanders Peirce and William James, is recognized as one of the founders of the philosophical school of Pragmatism.
Frederick Jackson Turner
(author of The Significance of the Frontier in American History) announced that the frontier was gone, and with it the first period of American history
Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.
A Boston essayist, poet, and physician who published his findings from a study of large numbers of cases of "puerperal fever" and concluded that the disease could be transmitted from one person to another.
Mark Twain
satirist and author of southern literature (Huck Finn, Tom Sawyer); was also a cultural critic who came up with the nickname "the Gilded Age"
Stephen Crane
Writer who introduced grim realism to the American novel. His major work, The Red Badge of Courage is a psychological study of a Civil War soldier. Crane had never been near a war when he wrote it, but later he was a reporter in the Spanish-American War.
Henry James
American writer who lived in England. Wrote numerous novels around the theme of the conflict between American innocence and European sophistication/corruption, with an emphasis on the psychological motivations of the characters. Famous for his novel Washington Square and his short story "The Turn of the Screw."
Thomas Eakins
was a painter, photographer, sculptor, and fine arts educator. He was one of the greatest American painters of his time, an innovating teacher, and an uncompromising realist
James A. McNeill Whistler
A painter who became an American expatriate when he sailed to Europe at the age of 21. Known for his painting, commonly called, "Whistler's mother."
Winslow Horner
painter who was resistant against foreign influences and brought rugged realism and boldness of conception; known for paintings of the sea
Mary Cassatt
American painter in Paris; painted sensitive portrayals of women and children - earned a place among French impressionist painters
Pragmatism
the concept that the truth of any idea was to be tested, above all, by its practical consequences; coined in William James's writing called Pragmatism (1907)
Chautauqua-type organizations
The movement gained strength because many older people wanted to reap the benefits of education as their children were with the emergence of public and technical schooling. Other public information sources included: public libraries, newspapers
Joseph Pulitzer
writer and creator of the Yellow Press. Led people to believe that the situations occurring in Cuba were worse, that they were in reality.
William Randolph Hearst
another writer and creator of the Yellow Press. Deceived the people to believe that the problems in Cuba were worse than they actually were.
Vassar College
First college for women founded 1865
City bosses
City bosses principle technique for extracting money from the public was bribery. To get city contracts, suppliers were made to pad their bills and, when paid for their work with funds from the city treasury, turn over the excess to the politicians. Similarly, operators of streetcar lines, gas and electricity companies, and other public utilities were compelled to pay huge bribes to obtain favorable franchises. Despite their welfare work and popularity, most bosses were essentially thieves.
Rutherford B. Hayes
19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history. Republican.
Partisanship
prejudice in favor of a particular cause. The fundamental division between Democrats and Republicans was sectional, a result of the Civil War. The South, after the political rights of blacks had been drastically restricted, became heavily Democratic. Most of New England was solidly Republican.
Mudslinging
the use of insults and accusations, esp. unjust ones, with the aim of damaging the reputation of an opponent.
Character assassination
the malicious and unjustified harming of a person's good reputation. Took place during Jackson election
James A. Garfield
20th President of the United States (1881) and the second U.S. President to be assassinated. he Held office from March to September of 1881, President Garfield was in office for a total of six months and fifteen days.
Pendleton Act
(1883) the federal legislation that created a system in which federal employees were chosen based upon competitive exams. This made job positions based on merit or ability and not inheritance or class. It also created the Civil Service Commission. ECONOMIC.
Alexander Graham Bell
(1876) Bell invented telephone and in 1877 he started the Bell Telephone company
Grover Cleveland
22nd and 24th president, Democrat, Honest and hardworking, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes
Mugwumps
A political movement comprising Republicans who supported Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the United States presidential election of 1884. They switched parties because they could not in good faith support the Republican candidate, James Blaine of Maine. After the election was over, mugwump survived for more than a decade as an epithet in American politics, and the Mugwumps themselves continued many of their associations as reformers well into the 20th century.
James G. Blaine
Secretary of state under both Garfield and Harrison; he pushed his "Big Sister" policy involving Latin American countries, and presided over the first Pan-American Conference in 1889.
Benjamin Harrison
Republican president elected in 1888, defeated Grover Cleveland. He was eloquent, but not personable. He could charm crowds, but he was known as "the White House Ice Chest." Previously a Civil War General.
Civil Rights Cases (1883)
Legalized segregation with regard to private property
Plessy v. Ferguson
the court case in which the Supreme Court validated the South's segregationist social order; ruled that "separate but equal" facilities were constitutional under the "equal protection" clause in the Fourteenth Amendment; in reality the quality of African American life was grotesquely unequal to that of whites
Booker T. Washington
former slave who promoted industrial education and economic opportunity but not social equality for blacks
Atlanta Compromise
A speech given by Booker T. Washington in 1895. Proposed that blacks and whites should agree to benefit from each other,
George Washington Carver
attacked Booker T. Washington because Washington condemned the black race to manual labor and perpetual inferiority. Also created the NAACP
City machines
Machines started to replace humans.
William Marcy Tweed
led a political ring in NYC. He stole more than $200 million from the public in the 6 years he was a political boss. He was indicted in 1871 and sentenced to jail
Tammany Hall
Traded food and shelter with poor Irish immigrants in exchange for votes
Farmers Alliance movement
Was an organized agrarian economic movement among U.S. farmers that flourished in the 1880s Despite its failure, it is regarded as the precursor to the United States Populist Party, which grew out of the ashes of the Alliance in 1889.
Populists/People’s Party
In 1892, farm leaders, representatives of the Knights of Labor, and various professional reformers organized the People’s (Populist) party, and issued a call for a national convention to meet at Omaha in July. The People’s party of America was an important “third party,” founded in 1891, The party nominated James B. Weaver (lost by a lot) for president in 1892 and in 1896 joined with the Democratic party in support of William Jennings Bryan for president. Their effort to unite white and black farmers in the South failed.
General James B. Weaver
Former Greenbacker; nominated by Populists for the 1892 election. Gained several states of electoral votes, primarily in the West.
The People’s Party Platform
sought to unite various disaffected groups, especially farmers.
Bland-Allison Silver Purchase Act
(1878) law passed over the veto of President Rutherford B. Hayes requiring the U.S. treasury to buy a certain amount of silver and put it into circulation as silver dollars. The goal was to subsidize the silver industry in the Mountain states and inflate prices.
Sherman Silver Purchase Act
(1890) act that was a compromise between the western silver agitators and the eastern protectionists. The Westerners agreed to support a higher tariff and the protectionists, this bill. It ordered the Treasury to buy 4.5 million ounces of silver monthly.
William Jennings Bryan
Politician who ran for president 1896, 1900 and 1908 under Democrats, was a pro-silverite and Populist leader
“Cross of Gold’ speech
famous speech given by William Jennings Bryan; in support of bimetallism, Bryan spoke of the gold standard as a burden (like the cross)
William McKinley
This Republican candidate defeated William Jennings Bryan in the 1896 presidential election. As a supporter of big business, he pushed for high protective tariffs. Under his leadership, the U.S. became an imperial world power. He was assassinated by an anarchist in 1901.
Marcus Alonzo Hanna
Ohio businessman and Hamiltonian who aided McKinley personally and politically. He believed in "trickle down" economics. His campaign helped nominate McKinley. He led the "Gold Bug" movement against Bryan.
Interstate Commerce Act 1887
(1887) Congress passed this law at the behest of farmers who sought to forbid price discrimination and other monopolistic practices of the railroads. The commission created by this law had no real power until the Theodore Roosevelt administration, though.
Coxey’s Army
A protest march by unemployed workers from the United States, led by the populist Jacob Coxey. They marched on Washington D.C. in 1894, the second year of a four-year economic depression that was the worst in United States history to that time. Officially named the Commonweal in Christ, its nickname came from its leader and was more enduring. It was the first significant popular protest march on Washington and the expression "Enough food to feed Coxey's Army" originates from this march.