Key Approaches As Psychology Flashcards

Front 1

Outline one assumption of the biological approach in psychology

Back 1

An assumption of the biological approach is that genetics influence behavior. The biological approach believes faulty genetics can cause mental illnesses such as schizophrenia (due to high levels of dopamine)

Hint 1

Genetics and schizophrenia

Front 2

Explain one strength of the biological approach

Back 2

It uses scientific, experimental procedures

Hint 2

science

Front 3

Explain one limitation of the biological approach

Back 3

It raises ethical issues such as genetic mapping

Hint 3

is this moralistic?

Front 4

Explain how sexual selection in humans can be explained in terms of evolutionary processes

Back 4

The rooting reflex in new born babies.

Hint 4

Newborns

Front 5

Describe one assumption of the behaviorist approach

Back 5

The behavior is learnt from the environment

Hint 5

The world around us

Front 6

What is meant by the "law of effect"?

Back 6

Thorndikes law of effect stated that if behavior is followed by satisfying consequences then the behavior is "stamped in" if it is followed by unsatisfying consequences then it is less likely to be repeated.

Hint 6

Satisfaction and dissatisfaction

Front 7

Explain one way the behaviorist approach has been applied

Back 7

Skinners principles of "operant conditioning" can be used to teach autistic children confidence with speech e.g. praising them for imitating speech until they are confident to speak independently.

Hint 7

Autism

Front 8

Explain 2 limitations of the behaviorist approach

Back 8

1. It ignores biological factors of nature.

2. The principles of operant and classical conditioning do not account for spontaneous behavior in humans.

Hint 8

1. Biology

2. Spontaneity

Front 9

How can the behaviorist approach explain gambling?

Back 9

Winning acts as a positive reinforcement this is a form of operant conditioning with winning as a rewards and gambling being the learnt behavior.

Hint 9

Winning and losing

Front 10

What do social learning theorists mean by the term modelling?

Back 10

Modelling aka observational learning or imitation requires the use of live of symbolic models to demonstrate a particular behavior so the subject can learn through observation.

Hint 10

Demostration

Front 11

Using an example what is meant by vicarious reinforcement?

Back 11

Vicarious reinforcement is when you imitate the behavior of someone who has been reinforced for their behavior e.g. a child avoids touching a stove after seeing someone else in pain and burnt after touching it.

Hint 11

Hot stove

Front 12

What are the 4 conditions Bondura said were necessary for effective modelling to occur?

Back 12

Attention, Retention, Motor reproduction and motivation.

Hint 12

seeing someone, remembering, replicating and drive.

Front 13

Explain one strength of social learning theory.

Back 13

SLT takes into account the cognitive processes that are involved in learning.

Hint 13

Cognitive

Front 14

Explain one limitation of social learning theory.

Back 14

Social learning theory does not account for all behavior e.g. unobserved criminal behavior

Hint 14

Criminals

Front 15

If a child sees another child being rewarded for helping someone why are they more likely to imitate this behavior in the future?

Back 15

Through vicarious reinforcement the child has noticed the other child in the environment being praised (attention) they will remember this (retention) to then replicate this behavior (motor reproduction) with those hopes of being praised the same way (motivation)

Hint 15

attention, retention, motor reproduction and motivation.

Front 16

Explain the difference between operant conditioning and observed learning

Back 16

In observational learning the child observed a model and acquires memory of this behavior in Operant conditioning punishment is not modeled but used to extinguish behavior.

Hint 16

Acquire and extinguish.

Front 17

Outline 1 assumption of the cognitive approach in psychology.

Back 17

Mental processes lie between stimulus and response.

Hint 17

Stimulus and response

Front 18

Name 2 models that have been used to explain internal mental processes.

Back 18

Computational model and connectionist model

Hint 18

Computers

Front 19

Explain 1 strength of the cognitive approach

Back 19

The approach uses scientific experimental methods.

Hint 19

Science

Front 20

Explain 1 limitation of the cognitive approach

Back 20

Cognitive models have been criticized as over simplistic.

Hint 20

too simple

Front 21

Holly is playing a game of chess with her friend Dan. Dan makes a move which she retaliates by moving her queen and winning the game. With reference to this explain what is meant by the information processing approach.

Back 21

Through the chess game Holly is encoding, storing and transforming information to provide an output e.g. Holly sees Dan's move (encoding) she decides to move her queen to match this (decision making) she moves her queen and wins (output) Holly has processed information so as to win at chess.

Hint 21

Encoding, decision making and output.

Front 22

Describe 1 feature of the psycho-dynamic approach

Back 22

Defense mechanisms are a feature that are a resource used when the ego is in conflict with the ID and superego e.g. Denial

Hint 22

Denial

Front 23

What are the key features of the oral stage of psychosexual development?

Back 23

At 0-18 months the oral stage takes place, infants pleasure is centered around the mouth e.g. breastfeeding

Hint 23

Breastfeeding

Front 24

Explain one strength of the psychodynamic approach

Back 24

Freud's methods are still used in psychiatry today

Hint 24

To this day

Front 25

Explain one limitation of the psycho-dynamic approach

Back 25

Freud's use of case studies lacks generalisability

Hint 25

One case

Front 26

Explain 1 way the psycho-dynamic approach differs from the behaviorist approach

Back 26

The psycho-dynamic approach believes people are driven by the unconscious mind therefore focusing solely on the mind while the behaviorist approach does not look at mental processes or the unconscious mind it only looks at the environment.

Hint 26

mind vs environment

Front 27

Outline 1 assumption of the humanistic approach

Back 27

Humans are active agents able to control and determine their own development

Hint 27

Active agent

Front 28

Describe what Rogers meant by unconditional positive regard

Back 28

Rogers described that people are effected by conditions of worth e.g. those not given positive regard by their mothers could suffer low self esteem. Rogers felt therapists should show unconditional positive regard to counteract any previous disregard felt earlier in life.

Hint 28

Disregard shown by mothers = low self esteem.

Front 29

Briefly describe 1 contribution Rogers made to psychology.

Back 29

Rogers developed person centered therapy (PCT) to focus on a clients immediate situation, not past. This is still used today in counselling.

Hint 29

PCT

Front 30

Describe 1 strength of the humanistic approach

Back 30

PCT is still used to this day in counselling.

Hint 30

PCT

Front 31

Describe 1 limitation of the humanistic approach.

Back 31

It rejects scientific methods so lacks empirical support

Hint 31

no science

Front 32

Explain 1 way humanism and behaviorism differ

Back 32

Humanism views a person as an active agent able to control their own development while behaviorism does not and believes peoples behavior is controlled by their environment

Hint 32

Agent vs environment

Front 33

What is the Id?

Back 33

The pleasure seeking part of the personality.

Hint 33

Pleasure

Front 34

What is the ego?

Back 34

It considers the consequences of an action and mediates between the Id and the superego.

Hint 34

Consequences

Front 35

What is the superego?

Back 35

The conscience focused on social standards.

Hint 35

Conscience.

Front 36

What are the 5 defense mechanisms?

Back 36

Repression, Displacement, Projection, Denial and Intellectualisation

Hint 36

R,D,P,D,I

Front 37

Why did Freud compare the mind to an iceberg?

Back 37

The consciousness of the mind is the only part that is really visible and the precociousness and unconsciousness are buried under the surface.

Hint 37

Above and below water.

Front 38

What are the 5 stages of development according to Freud?

Back 38

Oral (breastfeeding), Anal (Toilet training), Phallic (genitals), Latency (boys and girls don't interact) and Genital (sex)

Hint 38

O,A,P,L,G

Front 39

What is the difference between a conditioned and an unconditioned response?

Back 39

An unconditional response is a natural response while a conditioned response has been learned.

Hint 39

Natural and learnt

Front 40

How does Thorndike suggest that learning occurs?

Back 40

Trial and Error

Hint 40

Try again

Front 41

What is positive reinforcement?

Back 41

Reward for behaviour

Hint 41

Reward

Front 42

What is Negative Reinforcement?

Back 42

Avoiding an unpleasant result for a behavior.

Hint 42

unpleasant

Front 43

What is Positive Punishment?

Back 43

Receiving a punishment for behavior

Hint 43

punishment

Front 44

What is negative punishment?

Back 44

Removing a reward because of behaviour

Hint 44

none for you

Front 45

Define the term information processing

Back 45

It is going through a series of stages to select, organise and interpret incoming information

Hint 45

Like a computer with information