Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
281 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
What was psychology known as during the 17th -19th century? |
Experimental philosophy |
|
|
|
Who worked on the concept of empiricism? |
John Locke |
|
|
|
Define empiricism |
Belief all knowledge derived from sensory experience |
|
|
|
How can empiricism be studied? |
Scientific methods |
|
|
|
What was the year of the birth of psychology and by who? |
1879 Wundt |
|
|
|
Why is 1879 considered the first emergence of psychology? |
Wundt opened up 1st psychological lab in Germany |
|
|
|
What was Wundt aim? |
Analyse all human consciousness |
|
|
|
How would Wundt analyse all human consciousness? |
Introspection |
|
|
|
Define introspection |
Process which person gains knowledge about own mental state |
|
|
|
What is structuralism? |
Browsing thoughts about object down into spectate elements |
|
|
|
What were Wundts procedures? |
Recorded participants experiences of various stimuli Divided observations into thoughts + images + sensations |
|
|
|
How did they establish psychology as a science? |
Standardised procedures as stimuli always in same order + same instructions given |
|
|
|
What are the disadvantages of introspection? |
Relies on primarily on non observable responses Relies on self report technique -subject to demand characteristics - may lie about experiences Produce subjective data-can’t be replicated-unique |
|
|
|
What are the advantages of introspection? |
Methods well controlled -made sure extraneous variables weren’t a factor Still used today to gain cognitive processes- GRIFFITHS 1994 used introspection to study fruit machine gamblers Tested in the same way |
|
|
|
What happens in 17-19th century? |
Psychology known as experimental philosophy |
TIMELINE!!!!!!! |
|
|
What happens in 1879? |
Wundt opens 1st experimental lab Psychology emerges Stanford structure of mind by breaking down behaviours into basic elements |
|
|
|
What happens in 1900s? |
Freud emphasises influence of conscious mind + psycho dynamic approach |
|
|
|
What happens in 1913? |
Watson rejects vagueness of introspection Behaviourist approach established - product of environment + experiences |
|
|
|
What happens in 1950s? |
Rogers + Maslow rejects behaviourism + psycho dynamic approach Humanistic approach emerges |
|
|
|
What happens in 1960s? |
Cognitive psychology studied Introduction of computers Social learning theory proposed by Bandura |
|
|
|
What happens in 1980s onwards? |
Biological approach established Advances in tech |
|
|
|
What happens in eve of 21st century? |
Cognitive neuroscience emerged as distinct discipline |
|
|
|
Why are there different approaches? |
All look at human behaviour form different perspectives All based on assumptions |
|
|
|
What are the advantages of psychology as a science? |
SLT + cognitive + biological approach all use scientific methods - control variables in lab study |
|
|
|
What are the disadvantages of psychology as a science? |
Not all use objective methods Psychology approach aren’t representative + cnat be generalised |
|
|
|
Define schema |
Use when we process info from world around us |
|
|
|
Why are schemas useful?why |
Help predict what happen in world based on experiences Process vast amounts of info rapidly Prevents becoming overwhelmed by environmental stimuli |
|
|
|
Why are schemas unuseful? |
Can distort sensory info Lead to inaccurate memories Can cause bias recall Negative schemas could have negative impact on mental health |
|
|
|
Define cognitive neuroscience |
Scientific study of Brian Studies process which are responsible for cognitive process |
|
|
|
How does cognitive neuroscience have practical application? |
Use of scanning techniques -locate diff types of memory - study depression/OCD -effects of normal ageing on brain |
|
|
|
In the timeline of the cognitive neuroscience what happens in 1856? |
MIT formation of cognitive science |
|
|
|
In the timeline of the cognitive neuroscience what happens in 1970s? |
Formation of cognitive neuroscience- Miller Aims to study biological structure that influence mental processes |
|
|
|
In the timeline of the cognitive neuroscience what happens in last 20 years? |
fMRI + PET scan developed to look at living brain |
|
|
|
What are the advantages of the cognitive approach? |
Tried to be objective + reliable Applications (CBT treatments for mental illness + reducing accidents) Soft determinism- assumes non free will but take soft determinism view so does believe we think before acting |
|
|
|
What are the disadvantages of the cognitive approach? |
Machine reductionist- ignores emotions+ biological factors May lack validity- can’t see cognitions—> relies on interference |
|
|
|
What is the biological approach? |
Combines psychology + biology to physiological explanations for human behaviour |
|
|
|
What is physiology? |
Study of body + it’s part and how they function |
|
|
|
What does biological psychology explain? |
How we think + feel + behave in terms of physical factors within the body |
|
|
|
What are the assumptions not the biological approach? |
Everything psychological is 1st biological States mind lives in brain (contradicts cognitive approach) |
|
|
|
What are the assumptions not the biological approach? |
Everything psychological is 1st biological States mind lives in brain (contradicts cognitive approach) |
|
|
|
What is the genetic basis of behaviour? |
Extent to which behaviours + characteristics are product of bees or environmental influences |
|
|
|
What types of ways can you investigate the genetic basis of behaviour? |
Twin studies Family studies Adoption studies |
|
|
|
What is a monozygotic twin? |
One zygote formed when fertilised cell splits into 2 Forms 2 separate embryos Share 100% of genes |
|
|
|
What is a dizygotic twins? |
2 zygotes formed when 2 separate eggs both become fertilised by diff sperm cells Share 50% of genes |
|
|
|
What does twin studies look at? |
Concordance rates between twins Look at ectentbto which both towns share same characteristics |
|
|
|
Define concordance |
Extent to which pair of twins share similar traits |
|
|
|
What did studies find about concordance rates in monozygotic twins? |
Concordance rate higher in MZ for music ability + schizophrenia—> suggests genetic basis |
|
|
|
What do adoption studies involve? |
Comparing traits between adopted children + their biological or adoptive parents |
|
|
|
What have genetics found? |
Suggest certain behaviours are genetically determined Environment can play more of a role in determining behaviour than genetics |
|
|
|
What are genes and what do they do? |
Basic unit of heredity Function in pairs+ recombination genes from parents to offspring provides basis for genetic variability |
|
|
|
What is a genotype? |
Genetic material made up if DNA for sexually reproducing organisms (Persons genetic makeup, genes individual possesses) |
|
|
|
What is a phenotype? |
Observable traits shown by individual Determined by genes + environment Determined individuals ability to reproduce + survive in environment Characteristics determined by genes + environment |
|
|
|
Define evolution |
Changes in inherited characteristics in biological population over successive generations |
|
|
|
What 2 concepts did Darwin emphasis on the evolutionary theory? |
Natural selection Sexual selection |
|
|
|
What is natural selection? |
Animals with particular traits that provide them with advantage = more likely to survive + reproduce + pass on adaptive traits |
|
|
|
What is sexual selection? |
Males have abundance of spent + can reproduce with as many females as they want Females limited to amount of eggs they produce + carry baby for 9 months + raise till 18 Females more particular about who fathers will be due to investment |
|
|
|
What are the advantages to the biological approach? |
Real life application - promoted test enemy of depression using anti depressant drugs that increases serotonin- manage day to day life Uses scientific method for investigating - PET scans - aren’t bias |
|
|
|
What are the disadvantages of biological approach? |
Variation in effectiveness Determinist - suggest too simplistic |
|
|
|
What is the behaviourist approach? |
Studying behaviour that can be observed + measured Riley on lab studies to maintain more control + objectivity |
|
|
|
What is the behaviourist approach? |
Studying behaviour that can be observed + measured Riley on lab studies to maintain more control + objectivity |
|
|
|
What does the behaviourist approach believe?what are the |
All behaviour is learnt |
|
|
|
What are the two forms of the behaviourist approach? |
Classical conditioning Operant conditioning |
|
|
|
Define classical conditioning |
Learning through association Occurs when 2 stimuli repeatedly paired together |
|
|
|
Who studied classical conditioning? |
Pavlov |
|
|
|
What happens during classical conditioning?deifne |
Unconditioned stimulus (food) leads to unconditioned response (dog salivates) Neutral stimulus( bell ringing) leads to no conditioned response (dog does nothing) Unconditioned stimulus (food) paired with neutral stimulus(bell ringing) leads to unconditioned response (dogs salivate) Associates bell with food |
|
|
|
Define opernat conditioning |
Learning through reinforcement |
|
|
|
Define reinforcement |
Consequence of behaviour that increases likelihood of behaviour being repeated Positive or negative |
|
|
|
Who studied operant conditioning? |
Skinner |
|
|
|
What did Skinner research? |
Found rats behaviour was reinforced would be more likely to repeat it If behaviour was punished (electric shock) behaviour won’t be repeated |
|
|
|
What is the behaviourist approach? |
Studying behaviour that can be observed + measured Riley on lab studies to maintain more control + objectivity |
|
|
|
What did Skinner suggest? |
3 types of consequences: Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Punishment |
|
|
|
What does the behaviourist approach believe?what are the |
All behaviour is learnt |
|
|
|
What are the two forms of the behaviourist approach? |
Classical conditioning Operant conditioning |
|
|
|
Define classical conditioning |
Learning through association Occurs when 2 stimuli repeatedly paired together |
|
|
|
Who studied classical conditioning? |
Pavlov |
|
|
|
What happens during classical conditioning?deifne |
Unconditioned stimulus (food) leads to unconditioned response (dog salivates) Neutral stimulus( bell ringing) leads to no conditioned response (dog does nothing) Unconditioned stimulus (food) paired with neutral stimulus(bell ringing) leads to unconditioned response (dogs salivate) Associates bell with food |
|
|
|
Define opernat conditioning |
Learning through reinforcement |
|
|
|
Define reinforcement |
Consequence of behaviour that increases likelihood of behaviour being repeated Positive or negative |
|
|
|
Who studied operant conditioning? |
Skinner |
|
|
|
What did Skinner research? |
Found rats behaviour was reinforced would be more likely to repeat it If behaviour was punished (electric shock) behaviour won’t be repeated |
|
|
|
What is the behaviourist approach? |
Studying behaviour that can be observed + measured Riley on lab studies to maintain more control + objectivity |
|
|
|
What did Skinner suggest? |
3 types of consequences: Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Punishment |
|
|
|
What is positive reinforcement? |
Receiving reward when certain behaviour is performed |
|
|
|
What is negative reinforcemtn? |
Avoidance of unpleasant consequence |
|
|
|
What is a punishment? |
Unpleasant consequence of behaviour |
|
|
|
What are the advantages of the behaviourist approach? |
Based on well controlled research - extraneous variables removed Applied to real world - increases value of approach |
|
|
|
What are the disadvantages of the behaviourist approach? |
Over simplified learning process - suggest learning is more complex than observable behaviour alone Takes on deterministic view - ignores conscious decision making processes Ethical implications |
|
|
|
What is the social learning theory? |
Learning through observation + imitation of a role model |
|
|
|
Define modelling |
Process of watching and imitating |
|
|
|
What are the assumptions of the social learning theory?what are thre |
Behaviour learnt from experience Learn through observation + imitation Learning occurs though classical + operant conditioning |
|
|
|
What are three concepts in the social learning theory? |
Identification Vicarious reinforcement Meditational processes |
|
|
|
What does the behaviourist approach believe?what are the |
All behaviour is learnt |
|
|
|
What is identification? |
Person associates themselves with role model + wants to be like them —> more likely to imitate model |
|
|
|
What is meant by vicarious reinforcement? |
Learning through observing consequences of role models actions in terms or rewards and punishments |
|
|
|
What is meditational processes? |
Cognitive factors that influence whether we learn/ imitate behaviour |
|
|
|
What are the two forms of the behaviourist approach? |
Classical conditioning Operant conditioning |
|
|
|
Define classical conditioning |
Learning through association Occurs when 2 stimuli repeatedly paired together |
|
|
|
Who studied classical conditioning? |
Pavlov |
|
|
|
What happens during classical conditioning?deifne |
Unconditioned stimulus (food) leads to unconditioned response (dog salivates) Neutral stimulus( bell ringing) leads to no conditioned response (dog does nothing) Unconditioned stimulus (food) paired with neutral stimulus(bell ringing) leads to unconditioned response (dogs salivate) Associates bell with food |
|
|
|
Define opernat conditioning |
Learning through reinforcement |
|
|
|
Define reinforcement |
Consequence of behaviour that increases likelihood of behaviour being repeated Positive or negative |
|
|
|
Who studied operant conditioning? |
Skinner |
|
|
|
What did Skinner research? |
Found rats behaviour was reinforced would be more likely to repeat it If behaviour was punished (electric shock) behaviour won’t be repeated |
|
|
|
What is the behaviourist approach? |
Studying behaviour that can be observed + measured Riley on lab studies to maintain more control + objectivity |
|
|
|
What did Skinner suggest? |
3 types of consequences: Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Punishment |
|
|
|
What is positive reinforcement? |
Receiving reward when certain behaviour is performed |
|
|
|
What is negative reinforcemtn? |
Avoidance of unpleasant consequence |
|
|
|
What is a punishment? |
Unpleasant consequence of behaviour |
|
|
|
What are the advantages of the behaviourist approach? |
Based on well controlled research - extraneous variables removed Applied to real world - increases value of approach |
|
|
|
What are the disadvantages of the behaviourist approach? |
Over simplified learning process - suggest learning is more complex than observable behaviour alone Takes on deterministic view - ignores conscious decision making processes Ethical implications |
|
|
|
What is the social learning theory? |
Learning through observation + imitation of a role model |
|
|
|
Define modelling |
Process of watching and imitating |
|
|
|
What are the assumptions of the social learning theory?what are thre |
Behaviour learnt from experience Learn through observation + imitation Learning occurs though classical + operant conditioning |
|
|
|
What are three concepts in the social learning theory? |
Identification Vicarious reinforcement Meditational processes |
|
|
|
What does the behaviourist approach believe?what are the |
All behaviour is learnt |
|
|
|
What is identification? |
Person associates themselves with role model + wants to be like them —> more likely to imitate model |
|
|
|
What is meant by vicarious reinforcement? |
Learning through observing consequences of role models actions in terms or rewards and punishments |
|
|
|
What is meditational processes? |
Cognitive factors that influence whether we learn/ imitate behaviour |
|
|
|
What 4 things do you have to meet to learn behaviour effectively? |
Attention Retention Reproduction Motivation |
|
|
|
What are the 4 criteria’s you have to meet to learn behaviour effectively? |
Attention Retention Reproduction Motivation |
|
|
|
What is meant by attention? |
Noticing behaviour |
|
|
|
What is meant by retention? |
How well behaviour is answered |
|
|
|
What are the two forms of the behaviourist approach? |
Classical conditioning Operant conditioning |
|
|
|
Define classical conditioning |
Learning through association Occurs when 2 stimuli repeatedly paired together |
|
|
|
Who studied classical conditioning? |
Pavlov |
|
|
|
What happens during classical conditioning?deifne |
Unconditioned stimulus (food) leads to unconditioned response (dog salivates) Neutral stimulus( bell ringing) leads to no conditioned response (dog does nothing) Unconditioned stimulus (food) paired with neutral stimulus(bell ringing) leads to unconditioned response (dogs salivate) Associates bell with food |
|
|
|
Define opernat conditioning |
Learning through reinforcement |
|
|
|
Define reinforcement |
Consequence of behaviour that increases likelihood of behaviour being repeated Positive or negative |
|
|
|
Who studied operant conditioning? |
Skinner |
|
|
|
What did Skinner research? |
Found rats behaviour was reinforced would be more likely to repeat it If behaviour was punished (electric shock) behaviour won’t be repeated |
|
|
|
What is the behaviourist approach? |
Studying behaviour that can be observed + measured Riley on lab studies to maintain more control + objectivity |
|
|
|
What did Skinner suggest? |
3 types of consequences: Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Punishment |
|
|
|
What is positive reinforcement? |
Receiving reward when certain behaviour is performed |
|
|
|
What is negative reinforcemtn? |
Avoidance of unpleasant consequence |
|
|
|
What is a punishment? |
Unpleasant consequence of behaviour |
|
|
|
What are the advantages of the behaviourist approach? |
Based on well controlled research - extraneous variables removed Applied to real world - increases value of approach |
|
|
|
What are the disadvantages of the behaviourist approach? |
Over simplified learning process - suggest learning is more complex than observable behaviour alone Takes on deterministic view - ignores conscious decision making processes Ethical implications |
|
|
|
What is the social learning theory? |
Learning through observation + imitation of a role model |
|
|
|
Define modelling |
Process of watching and imitating |
|
|
|
What are the assumptions of the social learning theory?what are thre |
Behaviour learnt from experience Learn through observation + imitation Learning occurs though classical + operant conditioning |
|
|
|
What are three concepts in the social learning theory? |
Identification Vicarious reinforcement Meditational processes |
|
|
|
What does the behaviourist approach believe?what are the |
All behaviour is learnt |
|
|
|
What is identification? |
Person associates themselves with role model + wants to be like them —> more likely to imitate model |
|
|
|
What is meant by vicarious reinforcement? |
Learning through observing consequences of role models actions in terms or rewards and punishments |
|
|
|
What is meditational processes? |
Cognitive factors that influence whether we learn/ imitate behaviour |
|
|
|
What 4 things do you have to meet to learn behaviour effectively? |
Attention Retention Reproduction Motivation |
|
|
|
What are the 4 criteria’s you have to meet to learn behaviour effectively? |
Attention Retention Reproduction Motivation |
|
|
|
What is meant by attention? |
Noticing behaviour |
|
|
|
What is meant by retention? |
How well behaviour is answered |
|
|
|
What are the two forms of the behaviourist approach? |
Classical conditioning Operant conditioning |
|
|
|
Define classical conditioning |
Learning through association Occurs when 2 stimuli repeatedly paired together |
|
|
|
Who studied classical conditioning? |
Pavlov |
|
|
|
What happens during classical conditioning?deifne |
Unconditioned stimulus (food) leads to unconditioned response (dog salivates) Neutral stimulus( bell ringing) leads to no conditioned response (dog does nothing) Unconditioned stimulus (food) paired with neutral stimulus(bell ringing) leads to unconditioned response (dogs salivate) Associates bell with food |
|
|
|
Define opernat conditioning |
Learning through reinforcement |
|
|
|
Define reinforcement |
Consequence of behaviour that increases likelihood of behaviour being repeated Positive or negative |
|
|
|
Who studied operant conditioning? |
Skinner |
|
|
|
What did Skinner research? |
Found rats behaviour was reinforced would be more likely to repeat it If behaviour was punished (electric shock) behaviour won’t be repeated |
|
|
|
What is the behaviourist approach? |
Studying behaviour that can be observed + measured Riley on lab studies to maintain more control + objectivity |
|
|
|
What did Skinner suggest? |
3 types of consequences: Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Punishment |
|
|
|
What is positive reinforcement? |
Receiving reward when certain behaviour is performed |
|
|
|
What is negative reinforcemtn? |
Avoidance of unpleasant consequence |
|
|
|
What is a punishment? |
Unpleasant consequence of behaviour |
|
|
|
What are the advantages of the behaviourist approach? |
Based on well controlled research - extraneous variables removed Applied to real world - increases value of approach |
|
|
|
What are the disadvantages of the behaviourist approach? |
Over simplified learning process - suggest learning is more complex than observable behaviour alone Takes on deterministic view - ignores conscious decision making processes Ethical implications |
|
|
|
What is the social learning theory? |
Learning through observation + imitation of a role model |
|
|
|
Define modelling |
Process of watching and imitating |
|
|
|
What are the assumptions of the social learning theory?what are thre |
Behaviour learnt from experience Learn through observation + imitation Learning occurs though classical + operant conditioning |
|
|
|
What are three concepts in the social learning theory? |
Identification Vicarious reinforcement Meditational processes |
|
|
|
What does the behaviourist approach believe?what are the |
All behaviour is learnt |
|
|
|
What is identification? |
Person associates themselves with role model + wants to be like them —> more likely to imitate model |
|
|
|
What is meant by vicarious reinforcement? |
Learning through observing consequences of role models actions in terms or rewards and punishments |
|
|
|
What is meditational processes? |
Cognitive factors that influence whether we learn/ imitate behaviour |
|
|
|
What 4 things do you have to meet to learn behaviour effectively? |
Attention Retention Reproduction Motivation |
|
|
|
What are the 4 criteria’s you have to meet to learn behaviour effectively? |
Attention Retention Reproduction Motivation |
|
|
|
What is meant by attention? |
Noticing behaviour |
|
|
|
What is meant by retention? |
How well behaviour is answered |
|
|
|
What is meant by reproduction? |
Ability to reproduce behaviour |
|
|
|
What is meant by motivation? |
Will perform behaviour —> determined by vicarious reinforcement |
|
|
|
What are the two forms of the behaviourist approach? |
Classical conditioning Operant conditioning |
|
|
|
Define classical conditioning |
Learning through association Occurs when 2 stimuli repeatedly paired together |
|
|
|
Who studied classical conditioning? |
Pavlov |
|
|
|
What happens during classical conditioning?deifne |
Unconditioned stimulus (food) leads to unconditioned response (dog salivates) Neutral stimulus( bell ringing) leads to no conditioned response (dog does nothing) Unconditioned stimulus (food) paired with neutral stimulus(bell ringing) leads to unconditioned response (dogs salivate) Associates bell with food |
|
|
|
Define opernat conditioning |
Learning through reinforcement |
|
|
|
Define reinforcement |
Consequence of behaviour that increases likelihood of behaviour being repeated Positive or negative |
|
|
|
Who studied operant conditioning? |
Skinner |
|
|
|
What did Skinner research? |
Found rats behaviour was reinforced would be more likely to repeat it If behaviour was punished (electric shock) behaviour won’t be repeated |
|
|
|
What is the behaviourist approach? |
Studying behaviour that can be observed + measured Riley on lab studies to maintain more control + objectivity |
|
|
|
What did Skinner suggest? |
3 types of consequences: Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Punishment |
|
|
|
What is positive reinforcement? |
Receiving reward when certain behaviour is performed |
|
|
|
What is negative reinforcemtn? |
Avoidance of unpleasant consequence |
|
|
|
What is a punishment? |
Unpleasant consequence of behaviour |
|
|
|
What are the advantages of the behaviourist approach? |
Based on well controlled research - extraneous variables removed Applied to real world - increases value of approach |
|
|
|
What are the disadvantages of the behaviourist approach? |
Over simplified learning process - suggest learning is more complex than observable behaviour alone Takes on deterministic view - ignores conscious decision making processes Ethical implications |
|
|
|
What is the social learning theory? |
Learning through observation + imitation of a role model |
|
|
|
Define modelling |
Process of watching and imitating |
|
|
|
What are the assumptions of the social learning theory?what are thre |
Behaviour learnt from experience Learn through observation + imitation Learning occurs though classical + operant conditioning |
|
|
|
What are three concepts in the social learning theory? |
Identification Vicarious reinforcement Meditational processes |
|
|
|
What does the behaviourist approach believe?what are the |
All behaviour is learnt |
|
|
|
What is identification? |
Person associates themselves with role model + wants to be like them —> more likely to imitate model |
|
|
|
What is meant by vicarious reinforcement? |
Learning through observing consequences of role models actions in terms or rewards and punishments |
|
|
|
What is meditational processes? |
Cognitive factors that influence whether we learn/ imitate behaviour |
|
|
|
What 4 things do you have to meet to learn behaviour effectively? |
Attention Retention Reproduction Motivation |
|
|
|
What are the 4 criteria’s you have to meet to learn behaviour effectively? |
Attention Retention Reproduction Motivation |
|
|
|
What is meant by attention? |
Noticing behaviour |
|
|
|
What is meant by retention? |
How well behaviour is answered |
|
|
|
What is meant by reproduction? |
Ability to reproduce behaviour |
|
|
|
What is meant by motivation? |
Will perform behaviour —> determined by vicarious reinforcement |
|
|
|
What are the advantages of the social learning theory? |
Research support of identification - Fox + Bailenson 2009 Real life application- increases value of approach |
|
|
|
What are the two forms of the behaviourist approach? |
Classical conditioning Operant conditioning |
|
|
|
Define classical conditioning |
Learning through association Occurs when 2 stimuli repeatedly paired together |
|
|
|
Who studied classical conditioning? |
Pavlov |
|
|
|
What happens during classical conditioning?deifne |
Unconditioned stimulus (food) leads to unconditioned response (dog salivates) Neutral stimulus( bell ringing) leads to no conditioned response (dog does nothing) Unconditioned stimulus (food) paired with neutral stimulus(bell ringing) leads to unconditioned response (dogs salivate) Associates bell with food |
|
|
|
Define opernat conditioning |
Learning through reinforcement |
|
|
|
Define reinforcement |
Consequence of behaviour that increases likelihood of behaviour being repeated Positive or negative |
|
|
|
Who studied operant conditioning? |
Skinner |
|
|
|
What did Skinner research? |
Found rats behaviour was reinforced would be more likely to repeat it If behaviour was punished (electric shock) behaviour won’t be repeated |
|
|
|
What are the disadvantages of the social learning theory? |
Does not tell us why child would be motivated to perform same behaviours in absence of model Ethical issues make it difficult to test SLT experimentally |
|
|
|
What are the origins of humanistic approach? |
Offer less deterministic + artificial approach Concerned with human experiences + choice Person cntred approach |
|
|
|
Define congruence |
When ones concept of self + ideal self are similar |
|
|
|
Why might not everyone reach self acatulisation? |
Rogers argued that for self actualisation to be achieved must be roughly same as ideal self (congruence) If gap too big— state of incongrunece- possible to negative feelings of self worth |
|
|
|
Why might there be incongruence? |
Conditions of worth: Parents who sets limits in love for their child can influence later psychological problems for child —> prevents self actualisation + incongrunece |
|
|
|
How do you reduce incongruence? |
Client centred therapy Give unconditional positive rages they failed to revive as child |
|
|
|
What is the idiographic approach? |
Whole person should be studied in environmental context should study in individual case |
|
|
|
Define free will |
Notion that humans can make choices + not determine by biological factors |
|
|
|
What did Maslow believe? |
Human motivated by needs beyond of basic biological survival |
|
|
|
Define self actualisation what |
Desire to grow + develop to achieve full potential |
|
|
|
What is Maslow hierarchy of needs? |
Self actualisation Esteem Love/belonging Safety Physiological |
|
|
|
What does self actualisation include? |
Mortality Creativity Problem solving |
|
|
|
What does esteem include? |
Self esteem Confidence Respect |
|
|
|
What does belonging include? |
Friendship Family Intimacy |
|
|
|
What does safety include? |
Security of body Health Property |
|
|
|
What does physiological include? |
Breathing Good Sex Sleep |
|
|
|
What are the origins of humanistic approach? |
Offer less deterministic + artificial approach Concerned with human experiences + choice Person cntred approach |
|
|
|
Define congruence |
When ones concept of self + ideal self are similar |
|
|
|
Why might not everyone reach self acatulisation? |
Rogers argued that for self actualisation to be achieved must be roughly same as ideal self (congruence) If gap too big— state of incongrunece- possible to negative feelings of self worth |
|
|
|
Why might there be incongruence? |
Conditions of worth: Parents who sets limits in love for their child can influence later psychological problems for child —> prevents self actualisation + incongrunece |
|
|
|
How do you reduce incongruence? |
Client centred therapy Give unconditional positive rages they failed to revive as child |
|
|
|
What is the idiographic approach? |
Whole person should be studied in environmental context should study in individual case |
|
|
|
What is the psycho dynamic approach? |
Assumes what drives behaviour is unconscious motives + desires mostly rooted from child hood |
|
|
|
What is the role of unconcious? |
Part of mind made up of unconscious- has significant influence on personality Unconscious contains threatening + disturbing memories that been repressed Preconcious |
|
|
|
Define preconscious what |
Thoughts + ideas which may become aware during dreams |
|
|
|
What is the 3 elements of the structure of personality? |
Id Ego Superego |
|
|
|
What is the Id? |
Unconscious Follows pleasure principle Constantly tries to gratify unconscious desire for pleasure |
|
|
|
Define free will |
Notion that humans can make choices + not determine by biological factors |
|
|
|
What is ego? |
Conscious Follows reality principle Seeks to gratify needs of Id but only when rational |
|
|
|
What is superego? |
Part conscious, part unconscious Mortality principle + grant Id if morally right Causes guilt if rules are broken |
|
|
|
What did Maslow believe? |
Human motivated by needs beyond of basic biological survival |
|
|
|
Define self actualisation what |
Desire to grow + develop to achieve full potential |
|
|
|
What is Maslow hierarchy of needs? |
Self actualisation Esteem Love/belonging Safety Physiological |
|
|
|
What does self actualisation include? |
Mortality Creativity Problem solving |
|
|
|
What does esteem include? |
Self esteem Confidence Respect |
|
|
|
What does belonging include? |
Friendship Family Intimacy |
|
|
|
What does safety include? |
Security of body Health Property |
|
|
|
What does physiological include? |
Breathing Good Sex Sleep |
|
|
|
What are the 3 defence mechanisms? |
Repression Displacement Denial |
|
|
|
What is the oral stage? |
Focus of mouth satisfaction Mother breast= object of desire |
|
|
|
What is the consequence of unresolved conflict in the oral stage? |
Smoking Biting nails Sarcastic Critical |
|
|
|
At what age is the Anal stage? |
1-3 years |
|
|
|
What happens in the anal stage? |
Anus= key focus for energy Defecation= gained pleasure |
|
|
|
What is the consequence of the unresolved conflict in the anal stage? |
Anal retentive= perfectionist + obsessive Anal repulsive= thoughtless + messy |
|
|
|
At what age is the phallic stage? |
3-5 years |
|
|
|
What happens in the phallic stage? |
Genitals= key focus for energy Boys= Oedipus complex Girls=Electra complex |
|
|
|
What is the consequence of the unresolved conflict in the Pavlov stage? |
Narcissistic Reckless Possible homosexual |
|
|
|
At what age is the latency stage? |
6 years- puberty |
|
|
|
What are the consequences of the unresolved conflicts in the latency stage? |
Earlier conflicts repressed |
|
|
|
What happens when someone represses soemthing? |
Hurtful me memories pushed out of conscious recollection to protect from anxiety |
|
|
|
At what age is the genital stage? |
Puberty onwards |
|
|
|
What happens in the genital stage? |
Sexual desires becomes conscious |
|
|
|
What are the consequences of unresolved conflict during the genital stage? |
Difficulty forming heterosexual relationships |
|
|
|
What is the Oedipus complex? |
Boys develop sexual feeling for mother Become jealous of father Fear father will castrate them —begin to identify with father Act more masculine due to identification with father |
|
|
|
What is the Electra complex? |
Girls suffer penis envy See as primary love object- develop feelings for father Fades over into e+ replaced with wanting child |
|
|
|
What are the advantages of the psycho dynamic approach? |
Real world application Has ability to explain human behaviour |
|
|
|
What are the disadvantages of the psychodynamic approach? |
Could be harmful to people Untestable |
|
|
|
What’s an example of repression? |
Abuse as child may later have difficulty forming relationships |
|
|
|
What happens when someone displaces soemthing? |
Unacceptable level of hatred unconsciously passed from figure causing hatred into more acceptable target |
|
|
|
What is an example of displacement? |
Student refuse to recognise lack of preparation of exam |
|
|
|
What happens when someone is in denial? |
Unconsciously pretending that problem doesn’t exist to oneself from anxiety it will cause |
|
|
|
What is an example of denial?sha |
Displaced aggression |
|
|
|
What did Freud suggests about the psychosexual stages? |
Structure of personality depends on way we less through psychosexual stages of development Successful completion results in healthy personality caused by fixation at particular stage Of child receives too much pleasure may become fixated + lead to abnormality |
|
|
|
What are the psychosexual stages? |
Oral stage Anal stage Pavlov stage Latency Genital stage |
|
|
|
At what age is the oral stage? |
0-1 years |
|
