Apologia Biology Module 4 Study Guide

Front 1

Characteristics common to the vast majority of fungi:

Back 1

extracellular digestion
chitin
mycelia
hyphae
cells (all living creatures have them)
rhizoid hyphae

Front 2

Characteristics present only in some fungi:

Back 2

~stolons
~caps and stalks
~sporangiophores
~haustoria
~motile spores
~septate hyphae

Front 3

Some biologists say that a mushroom is much like an iceberg because only about 10% of an iceberg is visible from the surface of the ocean. what do they mean?

Back 3

Typically, we only see the fruiting body of a mushroom. Like an iceberg, that visible part is only a small fraction of the total mushroom because the mycelium is the largest component of the mushroom.

Front 4

What is the difference between septate and nonseptate hyphae?

Back 4

Septate hyphae have cell walls to separate the cells while non-septate hyphae do not.

Front 5

What is the function of the specialized hyphae - RHIZOID?

Back 5

support the fungus and digest the food

Front 6

What is the function of the specialized hyphae - STOLONS?

Back 6

asexually reproduces

Front 7

What is the function of the specialized hyphae - SPOROPHORE?

Back 7

releases spores for reproduction

Front 8

What is the function of the specialized hyphae - HAUSTORIUM?

Back 8

invades the cells of a living host to absorb food directly from the cytoplasm

Front 9

Which hyphae are AERIAL?

Back 9

stolons & sporophores (aerial hyphae are not imbedded in the material upon which the fungus grows)

Front 10

What is the difference between a SPORANGIOPHORE and a CONIDIOPHORE?

Back 10

a SPORANGIOPHORE produces its spores in an enclosure; a conidiophore does not.

Front 11

The main characteristic associated with the phyla of kingdom Fungi: BASIDIOMYCOTA:

Back 11

form sexual spores on club-like basidia

Front 12

The main characteristic associated with the phyla of kingdom Fungi: ASCOMYCOTA

Back 12

form sexual pores in sac-like asci

Front 13

The main characteristic associated with the phyla of kingdom Fungi: ZYGOMYCOTA

Back 13

form sexual spores where hyphae fuse

Front 14

The main characteristic associated with the phyla of kingdom Fungi: CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA

Back 14

form spores with flagella

Front 15

The main characteristic associated with the phyla of kingdom Fungi: DEUTEROMYCOTA

Back 15

fungi with no known method of sexual reproduction

Front 16

The man characteristic associated with the phyla of kingdom Fungi: MYXOMYCOTA

Back 16

fungi that look like protozoa for much of their lives

Front 17

What is the main difference between SHELF FUNGI, PUFFBALLS, and MUSHROOMS?

Back 17

main difference is WHERE they form their SPORES.
~MUSHROOMS - form spores on basidia that exist in the gills of the cap.
~PUFFBALLS - produces spores on basidia enclosed in a membrane
~SHELF FUNGI - produce spores on basidia in pores on the fruiting body

Front 18

What is an alternate host?
List a type of fungus that uses one.

Back 18

is used by a parasitic fungus at some stage in its life. It is not the host that the fungus spends most of its life on.

RUST use ALTERNATE HOSTS

Front 19

What type of fungus is best known for FERMENTATION? Which phylum does it belong to?

Back 19

Yeast (are best known for fermentation)

Phylum: Ascomycota

Front 20

How is BUDDING different from the asexual reproduction in bacteria?

Back 20

In BUDDING, the offspring stays attached to the parent until it has grown.

In BACTERIAL ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION, the offspring grows on its own.

Front 21

Name at least some PATHOGENIC FUNGI and the maladies that they cause.

Back 21

RUSTS - crop damage
SMUTS - crop damage
ERGOT of RYE - death

Front 22

3 ways a BREAD MOLD can reproduce - (in each case specify whether the reproduction is sexual or asexual)

Back 22

1. STOLON elongates and eventually starts another mycelium - asexually
2. AERIAL HYPHA forms a SPOROPHORE - asexually
3. 2 MYCELIA form a ZYGOSPORE - sexually

Front 23

What puts a fungus into phylum: DEUTEROMYCOTA?

Back 23

if the SEXUAL MODE of SPORE FORMATION is unknown - they are placed in the phylum DEUTEROMYCOTA

Front 24

What can happen when an antibiotic is used too much?

Back 24

RESISTANT STRAINS of the pathogen it is supposed to destroy can be formed

Front 25

Name the genus of the fungus tha produces PENICILLIN.

Back 25

PENICILLIUM

Front 26

When a slime mold is a PLASMODIUM, it resembles organisms from what kingdom?

Back 26

kingdom PROTISTA
(In its feeding stage, a slime mold is a plasmodium)

Front 27

What is the easiest way to get rid of slime molds?

Back 27

keep the habitat dry and all slime molds will die

Front 28

What are the two major forms of mutualism in which fungi participate? Describe each relationship and the job of each participant in that relationship.

Back 28

1. FORMING LICHENS - a mutualistic relationship between a fungus and an alga. The alga produces food for both creatures via photosynthesis, and the fungus supports and protects the alga.

2. MYCORRHIZAE - mutualistic relationships between a fungus' mycelium and a plant's root system. The mycelium takes nutrients from the root while it collects minerals from the soil and gives them to the root.

Front 29

What is a SOREDIUM?

Back 29

is the specialized spore produced by most lichens. It contains spores for both the fungus and the alga.