Apologia Biology Module 14 Vocabulary

Front 1

botany

Back 1

The study of plants.

Front 2

botanists

Back 2

biologists that study plants

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perennials

Back 3

Plants that grow year after year.

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annuals

Back 4

Plants that live for only one year.

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biennial plants

Back 5

Plants that live for two years.

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vegetative organs

Back 6

The parts of a plant (such as stems, roots, and leaves) that are not involved in reproduction.

Front 7

reproductive organs

Back 7

The parts of a plant (such as flowers, fruits, and seeds) involved in reproduction.

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meristematic tissue

Back 8

contains cells that are undifferentiated

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undifferentiated cells

Back 9

Cells that have not specialized in any particular function.
Since these cells are undifferentiated, they can develop into any tissue that the plant needs.

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xylem

Back 10

Nonliving vascular tissue that carries water and dissolved minerals from the roots of a plant to its leaves.

Front 11

phloem

Back 11

Living vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic substances throughout a plant.

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leaf

Back 12

Leaves come in all shapes and sizes.

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blade

Back 13

The primary portion of the leaf.

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apex

Back 14

the very tip of the blade

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petiole

Back 15

The blade is attached to the stem with this small stalk ...

Front 16

stipules

Back 16

At the base of the petiole, most plants have small stalklike or leaflike growths that are usually the structure that covered the leaf when it first began to grow.

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simple leaf

Back 17

Type of leaf that has one leaf attached to the stem of the plant by a single petiole

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compound leaf

Back 18

Type of leaf that has several leaflets attached to a single petiole.

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leaf mosaic

Back 19

The arrangement of leaves on the stem of a plant

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linear shape

Back 20

The leaves are about the same width from the top of the leaf to the bottom.

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elliptical shape

Back 21

The leaf tapers at both ends, but is still longer than it is wide.

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oval shape

Back 22

A leaf that is egg-shaped.

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deltoid shape

Back 23

A leaf that is triangular in shape.

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cordate shape

Back 24

A leaf that looks like an upside-down heart.

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orbicular shape

Back 25

A leaf that is nearly circular.

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lobed shape

Back 26

leaves that have deep indentations in the leaf

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cleft shape

Back 27

the indentations are very deep and tend to be sharp

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needlelike leaves

Back 28

The needles on pine trees are actually leaves, and although they are linear, we usually give them this name.......

Front 29

scalelike leaves.

Back 29

leaves that look almost like the scales on a fish

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leaf margin

Back 30

The characteristics of the leaf edge.

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entire margin

Back 31

The outer edge of a leaf is smooth with no indentations or teeth....

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serrate margin

Back 32

The leaf has tiny, sharp teeth along its outer edge... the teeth usually point upwards towards the apex of the leaf.

Front 33

dentate margin

Back 33

If a leaf's outer edge has more pronounced teeth that also point outward rather than just towards the apex it has this margin....

Front 34

crenate margin

Back 34

If the teeth are rounded rather than pointed, the margin is called this:

Front 35

undulate margin.

Back 35

If the leaf's edge doesn't have teeth but tends to be wavy it has this margin:

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midrib

Back 36

a large, central vein that extends from the petiole

Front 37

parallel venation

Back 37

a leaf's veins run up and down the leaf parallel to the midrib

Front 38

pinnate venation

Back 38

a leaf's veins all branch out from the midrib

Front 39

palmate venation

Back 39

a leaf's veins not only branch out from the midrib, but those branches also have branches on them

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monocot

Back 40

If the venation is parallel, the plant belongs to class Monocotyledonae and is called a _______________

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dicot

Back 41

If the venation is netted, the plant belongs to class Dicotyledonae and is called a ____________

Front 42

epidermis

Back 42

The top and bottom of a leaf are covered with a single layer of cells which protects the inner parts of the leaf.

Front 43

cuticle

Back 43

Sometimes, the epidermis secretes a waxy substance called a cuticle. Leaves that have cuticles are often shiny in appearance.

Front 44

stomata

Back 44

Tiny holes on the underside of most leaves. These allow for the exchange of gases with the atmosphere, which is absolutely necessary for the survival of the plant.

Front 45

guard cells

Back 45

These amazing little cells open and close the stoma. They contain chlorophyll and do photosynthesis to produce specialized sugars. These sugars cause the water pressure inside the cell to change, swelling or shrinking the cell. When the cells swell, they bend out, opening the stoma. When they shrink, the cells collapse, closing the stoma.

Each stoma is flanked by two!

Front 46

parenchyma tissues

Back 46

Under the epidermis on both sides of the leaf are tissues which are composed of cells that do the photosynthesis.

Front 47

palisade mesophyll

Back 47

the cells are packed tightly, so as to maximize the number of cells in the tissue

Front 48

spongy mesophyll

Back 48

On the bottom of the leaf, the parenchyma is made up of the spongy mesophyll. This tissue has plenty of room for air, because the food-producing cells are packed very loosely. Thus, the stomata open into the spongy mesophyll so that air can come in and fill the space there.

Front 49

collenchyma

Back 49

thick-walled cells that support the vein

Front 50

plastids

Back 50

hold pigments, starches, and oils

Front 51

carotenoids

Back 51

The plastids of some plants contain a group of these pigments. They typically have yellow or orange hues.

Front 52

anthocyanins

Back 52

Another set of pigments that have different colors, depending on the pH of the leaf tissue.

Front 53

deciduous trees

Back 53

A plant that loses its leaves for winter.

Front 54

abscission layer

Back 54

A thin layer of tissue at the base of each petiole in a deciduous tree that perform a very specialized task. the cells in the abscission layer have only one job: wait for the days to turn shorter, block the leaf's supply of water and nutrients (via the xylem and phloem), and then die....

Front 55

tannic acid

Back 55

Tannic acid is one product of the breakdown of plant cell contents. With no pigments to mask the color of tannic acid, the leaf is brown

Front 56

“primary root”

Back 56

When a seed begins to sprout, the first root that comes out.

Front 57

taproot system

Back 57

If the primary root continues to grow and stays the main root, the plant has this type of root system.

Front 58

fibrous root system

Back 58

If the primary root begins branching and branching until the root system looks like an underground “bush,” the plant has this type of root system.

Front 59

longitudinal cross section

Back 59

Take a slice of the root along its length. Then, we look at it as if we are looking at the side of the root.

Front 60

root cap

Back 60

Part of the root composed of dead, thick-walled cells. These cells protect the root as it shoves its way down into the soil.

Front 61

meristematic region

Back 61

In this part of the root, undifferentiated cells carry on mitosis. This is where most of the growth of the root takes place.

Front 62

elongation region

Back 62

In this part of the root, cells are beginning to differentiate into specific kinds of cells. They stretch out, filling their central vacuoles with water.

Front 63

maturation region

Back 63

In this part of the root, cells are becoming fully differentiated.

Front 64

root hairs

Back 64

These hairs increase the surface area of the root, allowing it to absorb more water and nutrients from the soil.

Front 65

lateral cross section

Back 65

A slice of thin layer of the root from side to side so that the center of the root is the center of the slice. Viewed as if looking straight down the root.

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cortex

Back 66

The cells inside the epidermis.

Front 67

endodermis

Back 67

These cells surround the vascular chamber, and guards the xylem and phloem, keeping out unwanted substances.

Front 68

vascular chamber

Back 68

Where the xylem and phloem are located, and where transport of nutrients and water throughout the plant take place.

Front 69

vascular cambium

Back 69

Between the xylem and the phloem lies this area. This tissue can become either xylem or phloem, depending on what the root needs.

Front 70

pericycle

Back 70

These cells are undifferentiated and are technically a part of the vascular cambium. Rather than forming new xylem or phloem, however, these cells can form new branches for the root.

Front 71

fibrovascular bundles

Back 71

These bundles contain the xylem and phloem that transport substances throughout the plant.

Front 72

pith

Back 72

Tissue found in dicots. The pith tissue is the ground tissue inside the ring of fibrovascular bundles. A portion of the pith often breaks down, forming a hollow stem, as is shown in the figure.

Front 73

vascular cambium

Back 73

In the fibrovascular bundles of a dicot stem, the vascular cambium can form new xylem or phloem if the stem needs the ability to transport more materials. The amount of new xylem and phloem that can be produced is limited, however.

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bark

Back 74

Part of a woody stem that is actually composed of two layers: the inner _____ and the outer ______

Front 75

cork cambium

Back 75

Between the inner bark and the outer bark is this layer of tissue. This layer continually produces cork cells.

Front 76

cork cells

Back 76

Cells that die quickly and are impenetrable to water, gases, and most parasites. They form the outer bark.

Front 77

vascular cambium

Back 77

Because there is no limit on the growth of a woody stem, new xylem and phloem must always be produced inside the stem. This is done by the __________, which produces phloem on its outer side and xylem on its inner side.

Front 78

annual growth rings

Back 78

If you look at a lateral cross section of a woody stem, you can tell how old it is by counting these!

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girdling

Back 79

The process of cutting away a ring of inner and outer bark all the way around a tree trunk.

Front 80

bulbs

Back 80

Stem that is not a roots. They are, instead, a collection of underground leaves that sprout from an underground stem. These leaves do not perform photosynthesis, of course, because there is no light underground. Instead, the leaves are used for storage. (onion)

Front 81

tuber

Back 81

underground stems that are used to store excess food (not a root)

Front 82

bryophytes

Back 82

Plants without vascular tissue are typically called ___________, (or just called nonvascular plants.)

Front 83

tracheophytes

Back 83

Plants with vascular tissue are often called ___________because trachea are tubes inside of animals, and the xylem and phloem can be thought of as tubes inside of plants. (some call them just vascular plants)

Front 84

Bryophyta

Back 84

Because bryophytes do not have vascular tissue, they cannot grow to be very tall. Three phyla of bryophytes exist, but the most representative phylum is phylum Bryophyta , which contains the mosses.

Front 85

moss

Back 85

NOT just any small, green clump ..... this is composed of many tightly packed individual plants.

These plants are composed of leafy shoots and rhizoids

Front 86

leafy shoots

Back 86

Tiny stems with even tinier, leaflike structures. These leaflike structures are but one cell thick, and they directly absorb the nutrients that they need from the environment while they perform photosynthesis. Nutrients can travel through by falling through the spaces in between the cells of the stem, much like water can travel through a paper towel.

Front 87

rhizoids

Back 87

Part of a moss plant that looks like roots, but they are not. They are simply strands of tissue used to anchor the moss.... they don't transport nutrients anywhere!

Front 88

alternation of generations

Back 88

A life cycle in which there is both a muticellular diploid form and a multicellular haploid form.

Front 89

gametophyte generation.

Back 89

This generation gets its name from the fact that it has individual males and females that produce gametes (sperm and eggs). However, unlike what you have studied so far, those sperm and eggs are made through mitosis, not meiosis!

Front 90

antheridia- (singular is antheridium)

Back 90

The sperm made by the male plants in the gametophyte generation are made in these structures ......

Front 91

archegonia- (singular is archegonium)

Back 91

The female plants produce eggs in these structures......

Front 92

sporophyte generation

Back 92

The sporophyte actually grows right on top of the mother plant that held the egg that was fertilized. When it is ready to reproduce, it forms spores, which is why this is called ____________.

Front 93

dominant generation

Back 93

In alternation of generations, the generation that occupies the largest portion of the life cycle

Front 94

seedless vascular plants

Back 94

A phylum that contains vascular plants that do not produce seeds.

Front 95

Pterophyta

Back 95

Members of this phylum are commonly called "ferns."

Front 96

prothallus

Back 96

In the fern life cycle, the haploid gametophyte generation is called _________.

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sporangia

Back 97

The fern eventually produces spores by meiosis, and those spores are stored in vessels called _____________.

Front 98

sorri

Back 98

sporangia are arranged in large clumps called _________ on the underside of the leaves

Front 99

Coniferophyta

Back 99

These trees, typically called “conifers,” reproduce by making cones.

Front 100

seed cones

Back 100

The female reproductive organs of the pine tree. (commonly called "pine cones") They contain the egg cells.

Front 101

pollen cones

Back 101

On the tips of most pine branches, little knobs develop. Those knobs contain pollen.

Front 102

pollen.

Back 102

A fine dust that contains the sperm of seed-producing plants carried by the wind.

Front 103

Anthophyta

Back 103

Members of this phylum are often called the “flowering plants.”

Front 104

stamens

Back 104

sperm are produced on these structures

Front 105

ovary

Back 105

eggs are produced in a carpel and covered in this structure

Front 106

fruit

Back 106

When the egg is fertilized, the ovary develops into the ______ of the plant, which encases the resulting seed.

Front 107

Cotyledon

Back 107

A “seed leaf” which develops as a part of the seed. It provides nutrients to the developing seedling and eventually becomes the first leaf of the plant.