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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Plants are our main source of oxygen due to the process of photosynthesis. True or False?
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False! This idea is a common misconception among science students and even some scientists.
Although plants do contribute to our planet's oxygen supply, they are not the principal producers of oxygen. As we have mentioned before, the majority of oxygen comes from phytoplankton that live in the oceans, lakes, and streams of the planet. |
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What are the characteristics of perennial plants?
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If a plant has woody parts, such as trunks and/or woody stems, it typically grows year after year, thereby being a perennial plant.
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How do you know if a plant is an annual? What is an annual type of plant called?
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Plants that do not have woody parts are called herbaceous, and they typically live for only one year.
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A few types of herbaceous plants are biennial. What does this mean?
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These plants live for two years. Typically, they store food during the first season of growth and then reproduce in the second season.
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WHY are peas, corn, and tomatoes fruits instead of vegetables???
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If a food item is a reproductive plant organ, it is a fruit. If it is a vegetative organ, it is a vegetable. We know they are reproductive organs because they encase seeds!!!
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What are the four basic kinds of tissues?
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meristematic tissue,
ground tissue, dermal tissue, and vascular tissue. |
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As a plant grows, it produces new cells via mitosis. Where does this take place?
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This mitosis takes place in the meristematic tissues. That way, the new cells produced can mature into any kind of cell that the plant needs.
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Ground tissue is the most common tissue in a plant. True or false?
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True. Some of them provide storage for starches and oils that the plant needs. Others are involved in metabolism. The cells that do photosynthesis, for example, are a part of the ground tissue, as are the cells that are primarily responsible for making the proteins that the plant needs. Cells of the ground tissue also help to support the plant.
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Dermal tissue is generally made out of ___________
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a single layer of cells.
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What all is dermal tissue responsible for?
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It protects the plant by providing a shield between the environment and the plant's internal tissues. This shield can stop many pathogenic bacteria and fungi, and it can also prevent needed chemicals inside the plant from leaking out into the environment. The dermal tissue in the roots of a plant is also responsible for absorbing water and minerals that the plant needs.
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True or false? Vascular tissue is found in all plants.
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False. However it IS found in most plants! In those plants, it is used to carry water and dissolved material throughout the plant.
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Do the cells that make up the phloem or the cells that make up the xylem have thicker walls?
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The cells that make up the xylem have thicker walls than those that make up the phloem.
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Which cells die after maturation?
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Xylem cells die when they mature. Phloem cells continue to live after they mature.
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A gardener plants a group of flowers that grow beautifully over the course of a year. In order to have the same flowers each year, however, he must replant. Are these most likely woody plants or herbaceous plants?
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They are most likely herbaceous plants, because herbaceous plants are typically annuals.
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A carrot is the root of a carrot plant. What kind of organ is it?
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It is a vegetative organ. All roots are vegetative organs.
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A section of plant no longer has any mitosis going on. What kind of tissue should be absent in that section?
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Meristematic tissue will not be present. Tissue that is undergoing mitosis is the meristematic tissue. If a region of a plant is not undergoing mitosis, no meristematic tissue will be there.
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What are the four major parts of a leaf?
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blade,
apex, petiole, stipules |
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What are the two basic kinds of leaves?
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simple leaves
and compound leaves |
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What is the most important job that the leaf performs?
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photosynthesis, so that the plant can obtain the food it needs...... As a result, leaves are usually arranged in such a way as to expose the largest amount of surface area to the sun.
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What are the three main types of leaf mosaics?
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alternate,
opposite, whorled |
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Which leaf mosaic is the most common?
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alternate
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Which leaf mosaic is frequently found in the tropics?
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whorled
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What are three characteristics that botanists can use to classify the plant from which a leaf comes?
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shape,
margin, and venation |
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The venation of a leaf can tell us something about the taxonomy of the plant from which it came. True or False?
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True!
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Since monocots have parallel venation and dicots have netted venation, the kind of venation you see on a leaf can tell you what?
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the kind of seed the plant produces
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If the epidermis of a leaf does not secrete a cuticle, it often grows what?
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Hairs. These hairs give the leaf a velvety appearance.
(think: African Violet) |
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What is the purpose of hairs on a plant's leaves?
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Many plants use these hairs as a defense mechanism.
(think: stinging nettles!) |
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Why do the guard cells close the stoma in the presence of low light?
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When light levels are low, however, the leaf cannot afford to have the stomata open, because water evaporates from the leaf through the stomata. (transpiration) Since photosynthesis cannot take place when light levels are low, there is no reason for the stomata to be open, so the guard cells close the stomata.
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The parenchyma tissue is composed of two layers. What are they?
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palisade mesophyll and the spongy mesophyll
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Why don't the cells in the palisade mesophyll block out each others' light since they are packed so tightly together?
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The chloroplasts in the cells are constantly moving due to cytoplasmic streaming. This cytoplasmic streaming directs the chloroplasts to the top of the cell. Once at the top of the cell, a chloroplast absorbs all of the sunlight that it can handle and then is moved to make room for the next.
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If the cells in the palisade mesophyll are packed so tightly together, how do they all get the carbon dioxide they need without competing with one another?
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On the bottom of the leaf, the parenchyma is made up of the spongy mesophyll. This tissue has plenty of room for air, because the food-producing cells are packed very loosely. The cells in the spongy mesophyll are arranged so that the air that occupies the space provided for it touches every food-producing cell in the leaf!
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What part of the leaf's vein would have no collenchyma?
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Towards the end of the leaf, the veins get so small that there is no collenchyma any more.
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A leaf cannot get the carbon dioxide that it needs for photosynthesis. What, most likely, is wrong?
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The stomata are not opening. This is a problem with the guard cells.
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Why can't the parenchyma be made of two layers of palisade mesophyll?
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If both layers were palisade mesophyll, there would be no room for carbon dioxide to get into the leaf or oxygen to get out.
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In the first section of this module, you learned about the four basic tissues in a plant: dermal, ground, meristematic, and vascular. In this section, you learned about the epidermis, the parenchyma, and the collenchyma. Classify each of these tissues within one of the four basic tissue types.
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The epidermis is the dermal tissue. Remember, dermal tissue is one cell thick and is on the outside of the plant. The parenchyma and collenchyma are ground tissues. Remember what ground tissues do. Among other things, they perform photosynthesis (which is what the parenchyma does), and they support other cells (which is what the collenchyma does). You might be tempted to say that the collenchyma is a part of the vascular tissue, because it can be found in the vein. However, remember that vascular tissue is composed only of xylem and phloem. Also, remember what the collenchyma does: it supports the vascular tissue. Support is a function of the ground tissue.
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Why are most leaves green?
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The chlorophyll in their chloroplasts gives them their color. The more chlorophyll-containing cells there are in a section of leaf, the darker green that section is.
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Why is the underside of the leaf usually a lighter shade of green than the top side of the leaf?
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This is because the top of the leaf has the palisade mesophyll, where the chlorophyll-containing cells are packed together tightly. The underside of the leaf, however, contains the spongy mesophyll, where the chlorophyll-containing cells are not packed as tightly.
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Why are some leaves not green then? Why are they yellow or orange?
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In most leaves, the green color of the chlorophyll overwhelms the oranges and yellows of the carotenoids. In other plants, however, the amount of carotenoids is greater, and the leaf picks up some color from them.
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Only certain trees have leaves that change color in the autumn. Which trees are these?
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deciduous trees
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Why do deciduous plants lose their leaves in the winter?
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Deciduous plants lose their leaves in order to conserve water throughout the winter.
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If you take a deciduous plant from Pennsylvania, and drive it to Florida, it will keep its leaves all year long. True or false?
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False. The abscission layer is not affected by temperature. It begins doing its job when the time it is exposed to light begins decreasing. So the PA transplant would lose the leaves.....
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In order to see brilliant reds, oranges, and purples in the Fall leaves, what weather conditions are ideal?
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cool and sunny weather
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Why do some leaves turn a boring brown?
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Some leaves do not produce pigments other than chlorophyll. As a result, when they die, they just turn brown.
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Since all dead leaves have tannic acid in them, you could make tea out of any leaf. True or false?
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True and false. You COULD make tea out of any leaf.... but depending on the leaf, it could taste revolting or be toxic.
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True or False? When you drink tea, you are actually drinking the remains of dead leaves.
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True, and isn't that just a great way of phrasing that??? :o)
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There are a few leaves, such as the floating leaves of a water lily plant, in which the stomata and the spongy mesophyll are on the top side of the leaf while the palisade mesophyll is on the bottom. In these leaves, which side will have the darker green color?
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The underside of the leaf will be darker, because in these leaves, the chlorophyll-containing cells are packed more tightly on the underside of the leaf.
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If a leaf isn't green, does that mean there is no chlorophyll in it?
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No. The color of the chlorophyll may be masked by other pigments.
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If a green leaf has no abscission layer, what color will the leaf be in the winter?
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Without an abscission layer, there is nothing to cut off the flow of nutrients. This means the leaf will not fall off the tree and will remain green all winter
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The roots of a plant perform which three very important functions?
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First, they absorb water and nutrients from the plant's surroundings and transport them to where they are needed.
Second, they anchor the plant. Finally, they are often used as a place for food storage. |
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All roots are below ground, in the soil where they get their nutrients. True or False?
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False. Some plants have ariel roots, some sink their roots into a host, and still others use their roots to hold onto rough surfaces above ground. (ivy)
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There are basically two kinds of root systems in plants. What are they?
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fibrous root systems and taproot systems
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Most plants need significantly more surface area in their root system than in their leaves. Thus, the root systems of most plants are significantly larger than the part of the plant that exists above the soil. True or false?
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True
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A root is split into what four basic regions?
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root cap,
the meristematic region, the elongation region, and the maturation region. |
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In what area of the root are root hairs found?
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in the maturation region
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In the root of a dicot (the plants that have leaves with netted venation), the xylem usually forms what type of shape?
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an X-shape
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A 12-foot high plant has a root system that travels to a soil depth of only three feet. Does this plant have a taproot system or a fibrous root system?
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Since almost all plants have roots that, when stacked end-to-end, are much longer than the plant itself, this plant must have a fibrous root system. That's the only way a root system that goes only three feet deep will be longer than the plant.
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If a root contains little cortex tissue compared to similar roots, what function can you conclude the root does not perform?
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With little cortex tissue, the root will not store substances.
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stems perform what three basic functions in a plant?
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First, they support and manufacture the plant's leaves.
Second, they conduct water and nutrients to and from the leaves. Finally, they carry on photosynthesis. |
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True or False? Stems carry on photosynthesis throughout their life cycle.
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False. In some plants, stems only carry on photosynthesis when they are young.
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What similarities do monocot and dicot stems share?
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*Both are covered with an epidermis, which protects the stem.
*They also both have fibrovascular bundles. * Each stem has a cortex, which contains photosynthetic cells and also stores starch. |
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While both monocot and dicot stems have a cortex, how is a dicot cortex differ from the monocot cortex?
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In the dicot stem, the cortex is found between the epidermis and the fibrovascular bundles, while in monocot stems, it is found throughout the stem.
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What is the main difference between the monocot and dicot stems?
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The main differences between monocot and dicot stems are the fibrovascular bundles and the ways in which they are arranged. In monocot stems, the bundles are located throughout the stem. In dicot stems, however, they tend to form a ring near the outer part of the stem.
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Which stems have pith tissue? Monocot or dicot?
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dicot
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Another difference between the monocot and dicot stems, is that the xylem and phloem within the fibrovascular bundles have different shapes in the two stems. What are the shapes, and which shape belongs to which stem?
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In a monocot stem, the xylem and air spaces are arranged to form what almost looks like a monkey's face. The phloem form the forehead of the face.
In the dicot stem, however, there is no illusion of a monkey face. Instead, xylem are clumped in one region of the fibrovascular bundle, and phloem are clumped in another region. |
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Why is the amount of new xylem or phloem production limited in the dicot stem?
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The epidermis of a herbaceous dicot stem cannot grow once it is mature. Thus, if too many new xylem or phloem are created, the stem will crack through the epidermis, exposing its inner tissues to the environment. This will usually kill the stem.
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What is the inner bark composed of?
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The inner bark is composed of phloem and cortex tissue.
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Why is the bark on the outside of a tree cracked and rough?
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It is the result of the tree “outgrowing” its bark shield and breaking through it.
In a woody stem, however, the growth causes the outer bark to crack and break, but that's okay, because the cork cambium simply produces new outer bark to protect the stem. |
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Give an example of a tree that has bark that peels off rather than cracks. (bark is smooth)
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white birch tree
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The thickness of the annual growth rings can tell you a lot about the weather conditions during that year of formation.
How can you tell? |
During the spring when there is plenty of water, the xylem produced are quite large. As the summer goes on and water becomes scarce, the xylem produced become smaller. When the xylem cells die, they form what we call the wood of the tree. Since the xylem produced in the spring are much bigger than those produced in the later part of the growing season, the wood of the tree is lighter when it is produced in the spring and darker when it is produced in the late summer.
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In a woody stem, the phloem are always near the outside of the stem, while the xylem are always in the inner part of the stem. Is this true or false?
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True!
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Why does girdling hurt a tree?
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If you cut away a ring of the inner bark, the water and minerals can still move up the tree (in the xylem), but the food and organic materials cannot move down the tree past the ring, because all of the phloem have been cut. As a result, the roots can still send water and nutrients up to the leaves, but the leaves cannot send food back down to the roots. Eventually, the roots (and all cells below the ring) will starve to death, and that will kill the rest of the tree.
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If a stem has no cork, is it woody or herbaceous?
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Without cork, the stem is herbaceous. All woody stems have cork, which makes up the outer bark.
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If a stem has no limits to its growth, is it woody or herbaceous?
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Herbaceous stems have limits to their growth. This must be a woody stem, because the construction of bark poses no limits to growth.
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A stem has xylem and phloem packed together in fibrovascular bundles scattered throughout the stem. Is it woody or herbaceous?
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The stem is herbaceous, because monocots have their fibrovascular bundles distributed that way, and monocots have herbaceous stems.
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True or False? All biologist agree on the classification of the plants, such as algae.
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False. Different books or teachers may use a different classification system....
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Plants can be split into two basic groups:
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plants with vascular tissue and plants without vascular tissue.
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In order to survive, moss needs what?
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In order to survive, mosses need very moist environments.
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How in the world can gametes be made from mitosis?
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Well, the gametophyte generation of moss is actually haploid! This means that every cell in a moss plant during this generation has only one chromosome from each homologous pair. Since mitosis makes copies of cells, and since all of the cells of a moss plant in this generation are haploid, the gametes that this generation produces are made through mitosis.
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When the antheridia release their sperm, how do the sperm travel?
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They travel through the water that has collected on the moss until they can reach an archegoinum that contains an egg.
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Why is it called the “alternation of generations?”
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In the first generation, the moss is a haploid organism that produces gametes. In the second generation, it is diploid organism that produces spores. In the end, then, the generations alternate between haploid and diploid!
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WHY do reindeer need to eat moss?
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Reindeer live in cold climates, and moss has a special chemical that helps keep the fluids inside the reindeer from freezing, even on the coldest of days.
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You see a plant that is two feet tall. Can it be a bryophyte?
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No. Bryophytes must be tiny due to their lack of vascular tissue.
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You study a moss that reproduces by making spores. Is it composed of diploid or haploid cells? Does it make the spores using mitosis or meiosis? If you study the offspring of this reproduction, will its cells be haploid or diploid? What kind of cells will it make in order to reproduce? Will it use mitosis or meiosis to make these cells?
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Mosses have an alternation of generations life cycle. If you are studying the moss that reproduces using spores, you are studying the sporophyte generation. This means that the organism you are studying is composed of diploid cells and uses meiosis to make its spores, since the spores are haploid. The offspring of this reproduction will be haploid, as it grows from haploid spores. It will produce gametes (sperm and egg), and since it is already haploid, it produces its gametes through mitosis.
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The vast majority of plants are vascular plants, or tracheophytes. True? Or False?
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True. Because they have vascular tissue they can grow to be quite large! (Sequoia trees)
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Why are ferns like mosses?
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Like mosses, they have an alternation of generations life cycle. (no seeds)
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A biologist studies a fern leaf with sorri. Is the fern leaf made of diploid or haploid cells?
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It is made of diploid cells. If it has sorri, it is the sporophyte generation, which is diploid.
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A student sees a fern growing on the branch of another tree. The student says that the fern is obviously a parasite. Is the student correct? Why or why not?
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The student is wrong. Ferns do grow on other trees, but they do not take nutrients from the trees. Instead, they take nutrients that gather in the cracks of the tree's bark.
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Why does the seed cone close after the pollen has landed inside?
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So that the sperm may attempt to fertilize the egg. This may take several months.
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What type of tree is the oldest known tree....... and how old is it?
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The oldest known tree in creation is a bristlecone pine that is approximately 4,700 years old.
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Phylum Anthophyta is split into two classes. What are they, and what is their fundamental difference?
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Monocotyledonae and Dicotyledonae
The fundamental difference between them is the way that the seed is constructed. Monocots (such as corn) have a single cotyledon, whereas dicots (such as bean plants) have two cotyledons |
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Suppose a conifer self-fertilizes. From a genetic point of view, is this the same as asexual reproduction? Why or why not?
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This is quite different from asexual reproduction. Remember, in asexual reproduction, the genetic code is exactly the same in parent and offspring. In Module #8, however, we saw that when a Tt plant self-fertilizes, it can make a TT plant, a Tt plant, or a tt plant (see Figure 8.4). Since this can happen for every allele in the genetic code, an offspring from self-fertilization will be genetically different from its parent.
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. If a portion of a plant is producing new cells, what type of plant tissue will be in that region?
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Meristematic tissue will be anywhere that mitosis is going on. The cells that perform mitosis are a
part of the meristematic tissue. |
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What do we call the structure that attaches the blade of the leaf to the stem?
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The petiole attaches the leaf blade to the stem
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In a leaf, what is the function of the following tissues?
a. palisade mesophyll b. spongy mesophyll c. epidermis d. xylem e. phloem f. chollenchyma |
a. photosynthesis
b. photosynthesis c. protection d. transports water and minerals e. transports food and organic substances f. support |
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What controls the opening and closing of the stomata on a leaf?
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The guard cells control the opening and closing of the stomata.
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Why is the bottom of a leaf typically a lighter shade of green than the top of the leaf?
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The spongy mesophyll is typically on the underside of the leaf, and it is usually a lighter shade of
green due to the fact that the photosynthesis cells are not as tightly packed there. |
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Name two types of pigments that cause leaves to be a color other than green.
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Carotenoids and anthocyanins.
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. If a tree has no abscission layer, will it be deciduous?
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. No, a tree without an abscission layer cannot be deciduous. Remember, the abscission layer cuts
off the flow of nutrients to the leaves, which causes them to stop doing photosynthesis, causing them to die. With no abscission layer, that will not happen and the tree will not lose its leaves in the winter. |
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Where is the abscission layer?
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The abscission layer is right between the stem and the petiole.
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Name the four regions of a root. Which region contains undifferentiated cells?
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The four regions of a root are: the root cap,
the meristematic region, the elongation region, and the maturation region. The undifferentiated cells are in the meristematic region. |
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What allows woody stems to have no limits to their growth, unlike herbaceous stems?
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Woody stems have no limit to their growth because the cork cambium can always produce more
bark. Thus, when the bark cracks, the inner parts of the stem are not exposed to the surroundings. |
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What is the function of vascular cambium?
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The vascular cambium produces new vascular tissue.
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If a stem has cork cambium, is it woody or herbaceous?
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. It is woody. The cork cambium appears only in woody stems. It makes new cork tissue for the
outer bark |
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What kind of vascular tissue makes up most of the wood in a woody stem? What kind of vascular
tissue is found in the inner bark of a woody stem? |
Xylem make up most of the wood in a woody stem, while phloem are found in the inner bark.
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is the dominant generation in the moss life cycle? Is it haploid or diploid?
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The dominant generation in mosses is the gametophyte generation, and it is haploid.
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A fern has antheridia and archegonia. Which part of the fern life cycle is it in? Is this the
dominant generation? |
If it has archegonia and antheridia, it produces gametes. Thus, it is in the gametophyte generation,
which is not the dominant generation for ferns |
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Why are plants from phylum Bryophyta relatively small?
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Since plants from phylum Bryophyta have no vascular tissue, there is no efficient way to transport
nutrients throughout the plant. The plant must therefore stay small so that the nutrients need not travel far. |
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If a 15-foot tall plant has a root system that goes four feet deep, is it a fibrous or taproot system?
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. The plant must have a fibrous root system. If a root system does not go deeper than the height of a
plant, it must spread out so that its total length is greater than that of the plant. |
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What are the male and female reproductive organs in a tree from phylum Coniferophyta?
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The female reproductive organ is the seed cone, and the male is the pollen cone.
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What is the fundamental difference between monocots and dicots?
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The number of cotyledons produced in the seed is the fundamental difference between monocots
and dicots. Monocots have one cotyledon in their seeds, dicots have two. |
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Name another difference between monocots and dicots.
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In monocots, the venation is parallel, while it is netted (pinnate or palmate) in dicots. The
fibrovascular bundles are packaged differently in monocots and dicots. Typically, monocots have fibrous root systems whereas dicots have taproot systems. Finally, monocots usually produce flowers in groups of three or six while dicots produce flowers in groups of four or five. The student need list only one of these. |
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A plant produces seed cones and pollen cones. Is it vascular? To what phylum (of the ones that
we discussed) does it belong? |
It belongs in phylum Coniferophyta, which contains the cone-making plants. It is vascular. Only
the bryophytes are nonvascular. |
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A plant produces flowers. To what phylum does it belong?
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It belongs in phylum Anthophyta.
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