A&pii Exam 2

Front 1

What are the Components of Blood?

Back 1

↑Plasma - nonliving fluid matrix
Buffy Coat - leukocytes and platelets
↓Hematocrit - (~45%) erythrocytes

Front 2

hemoglobin

Hgb

Back 2

protein that makes RBCs red
binds easily and reversibly to oxygen
*carries most oxygen in blood

Front 3

What is Blood?

Back 3

specialized type of connective tissue in which living cells called the formed elements, are suspended in a non-living fluid matrix

Front 4

What is the lifespan of an RBC?

Back 4

120 days (4 mo.)

Front 5

What is the importance of B12 and folic acid (B9) in RBC production?

intrinsic factor?

Back 5

necessary for normal DNA synthesis

a substance produced by the stomach mucosa must be present for B12 to be absorbed by the intestinal cells

Front 6

oxyhemoglobin

Back 6

hemoglobin name after oxygen binds to iron

ruby red

Front 7

deoxyhemoglobin

Back 7

hemoglobin name after oxygen detaches from iron

dark red

Front 8

hypoxia

Back 8

body does not have adequate oxygen supply

Front 9

folic acid

Back 9

B9
required for normal DNA synthesis
(which affects RBC formation if deficit)

Front 10

diapedesis

Back 10

("leaping across") moving across loose connective tissue or lymphoid tissue

Front 11

amoeboid motion

Back 11

flowing cytoplasmic extensions

Front 12

histamine

Back 12

mediator of inflammation and heparin
released by granules

Front 13

Leukemia

Back 13

"white blood"
refers to a group of CAs that involve the white blood cells

myelocytic
lymphocytic

Front 14

Myeloid Leukemia

Back 14

involves granulocytes

chronic - most common in elderly

Front 15

Lymphoid Leukemia

Back 15

involves lymphocytes from lymph nodes

acute - most common in children

Front 16

Acute

Chronic

Back 16

rapid onset - sudden, Sx progress rapidly

slow onset - chronic

Front 17

heme

Back 17

red pigment in hemoglobin

Front 18

globin

Back 18

protein in hemoglobin

Front 19

anemia

Back 19

"lacking blood"
a condition in which blood has an abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity

Front 20

sickle cell

Back 20

abnormal hemoglobin
causes Hb S - results from a change in 1 AA of the Hgb protein molecule

Front 21

viscosity

Back 21

thick or thinness of the blood

↑ = sluggish flow, sludge

↓ = thin, quick flow returns abnormally great load, little resistance increases workload on the heart and can lead to heart failure

Front 22

When can there be an increase in the number of RBCs?

Back 22

low PO2 (low oxygen saturation)
reduced number of RBCs → hemorrhage
Insufficient Hgb → Iron Deficiency
reduced availability of oxygen → high altitude, pneumonia

Front 23

Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

Back 23

"polys"

many lobed nucleus in a leukocyte

Neutrophils (X3-6)
Eosinophils (X2)

Front 24

Granulocytes

Back 24

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

Front 25

Agranulocytes

Back 25

lymphocytes
monocytes

Front 26

Neutrophils

Back 26

nucleus: X3-6 lobes (PMN)

50-70% of WBCs in a normal blood sample

#↑ acute bacterial infection
(eg. meningitis, appendicitis)

SLIDE: purple, multilobe nucleus

Front 27

Eosinophils

Back 27

nucleus: X2 bilobed (PMN)

2-4% of WBCs in a normal blood sample

#↑ parasitic infection, allergic reaction, asthma

SLIDE: purple nucleus with red/pink stains

Front 28

Basophils

Back 28

nucleus: singular

0.5-1% of WBCs in a normal blood sample

releases histamine and other mediators of inflammation (eg. heparin)

SLIDE: most granules

Front 29

Lymphocytes

Back 29

nucleus: singular and large

25% or more of WBCs in a normal blood sample

crutial role in immunity

SLIDE: huge purple nucleus

Front 30

T-Lymphocytes

Back 30

function in immune response by acting directly agaist the virus-infected cells and tumors

Front 31

B-Lymphocytes

Back 31

give rise to plasma cells which produce antibodies (immunoglobulin)

Front 32

Monocytes

Back 32

nucleus: singular

3-8% of WBCs in a normal blood sample

enter tissues and differentiate into macrophages (phagocytic)
act against viruses, bacterial parasites and chronic infections such as TB
activate other cells to mount immune response

Front 33

List Leukocytes in order of decreasing % within WBCs of a normal blood sample.

Back 33

Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils

Never let monkeys eat bananas!

Front 34

serotonin

Back 34

messenger that enhances vascular spasm and platelet aggregation

along with thromboxane A2

Front 35

dietary factors affecting RBC production

Back 35

iron ions
B-Vitamins: B12 and folic acid (B9)
amino acids and carbs and lipids

Front 36

Most abundant dissolved substances (solutes) in plasma

Back 36

plasma proteins
(about 8% by weight of plasma volume)

NOT taken up by cells to be used as fuel of metabolic nutrients

Front 37

Plasma Components

What are the most abundant components?

Back 37

water (90%) & Plasma proteins (8%)

over 100 solutes - of the Plasma Proteins:
Albumin (60%)
Globulin (36%)
fibrinogen (4%)

nonprotein nitrogenous substances
nutrients
electrolytes
respiratory gases
hormones

Front 38

Plasma Proteins

Back 38

Albumin (60%)
a carrier and blood buffer, contributes to osmotic pressure
Globulin (36%)
alpha, beta (transport proteins that bind to lipids, metal ions and fat-sol vits), gamma (Antibodies released by plasma cells during immune response)
Fibrinogen (4%)
forms fibrin thread of blood clot

Front 39

Plasma Nutrients

Back 39

glucose
amino acids
fatty acids
glycerol
triglycerides
cholesterol
vitamins

Front 40

Plasma Gases

Back 40

oxygen
carbon dioxide
nitrogen

Front 41

Electrolytes

function?

Back 41

Cations:
Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++

Anions:
Chlorine, Phosphate, Sulfate, Bicarbonate

to maintain blood pH

Front 42

Hematocrit

Back 42

"blood fraction"

45% of a blood sample made up of erythrocytes

Front 43

nitric oxide

Back 43

vasodilator - short term

active in platelet plug formation in which it is released by endothelial cells - prevents platelet aggregation in undamaged tissue

Front 44

prostacyclin

Back 44

prostaglandin AKA PGI2

helps restrict platelet formation to the site of injury

Front 45

hemostasis

Back 45

"stoppage of bleeding"

1 - Vascular Spasm
2 - Platelet Plug Formation
3 - Coagulation

Front 46

Clot Retraction

Back 46

takes place 30-60 minutes after clot formation

platelet-induced contraction and realignment of vessel

Front 47

Platelet-Derived Growth Factor

PDGF

Back 47

chemical released by platelet degranulation stimulates smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to divide and rebuild the wall of a vessel

Front 48

Vitamin K

Back 48

required for liver cells to produce clotting factors

(bacteria in the large intestine produce it)
(deficiency if fat absorption is impaired)

Front 49

Serum

Back 49

plasma without clotting proteins

Front 50

fibroblasts

Back 50

one of the primary blast cell types

connective tissue proper

125

Front 51

fibrinolysis

Back 51

process of removing unneeded clots after a blood vessel injury has healed

Front 52

thrombus

Back 52

a clot that develops and persists in an UNbroken blood vessel

Front 53

embolus

Back 53

a thombus that had broken away from the vessel wall and is floating freely in the blood stream

Front 54

thrombocytopenia

Back 54

a condition in which the number of circulating platelets is deficient

Front 55

petechiae

Back 55

wide spread hemorrhage, evidenced by purplish
spots to skin diffusely

653

Front 56

Three Types of Hemophilias?

Back 56

Hereditary Bleeding Disorders with similar S/Sx

Hemophilia A - classical hemophilia
deficency of factor VIII (antihemophilic factor)
X-linked

Hemophilia B
deficiency of factor IX
X-linked

Hemophilia C
lack of factor XI

uncontrolled bleeding within tissues and joint spaces, lack of clotting factors

Front 57

Gamma Globulins

Back 57

Antibodies released by plasma cells during immune response

636

Front 58

ABO Blood Groups

Back 58

based on the presence or absence of two agglutinogens - Type A and B

A, B, AB, O

Front 59

AB

RBC Antigens? (Agglutinogens)
Plasma Antibodies? (Agglutinins)

Blood that can be received

Back 59

RBC Antigens? (Agglutinogens)

A, B

Plasma Antibodies? (Agglutinins)

None

Blood that can be received: A, B, AB, O
(universal recipient)

Front 60

B

RBC Antigens? (Agglutinogens)
Plasma Antibodies? (Agglutinins)

Blood that can be received

Back 60

RBC Antigens? (Agglutinogens)

B

Plasma Antibodies? (Agglutinins)

Anti-A

Blood that can be received: B, O

Front 61

A

RBC Antigens? (Agglutinogens)
Plasma Antibodies? (Agglutinins)

Blood that can be received

Back 61

RBC Antigens? (Agglutinogens)

A

Plasma Antibodies? (Agglutinins)

Anti-B

Blood that can be received: A, O

Front 62

O

RBC Antigens? (Agglutinogens)
Plasma Antibodies? (Agglutinins)

Blood that can be received

Back 62

RBC Antigens? (Agglutinogens)

None

Plasma Antibodies? (Agglutinins)

Anti-A, Anti-B

Blood that can be received: O
(universal donor)

Front 63

Rh positive individuals carry which antigen?

Back 63

50 different types of Rh antigens

C, D, E antigens are common

D antigen (85% of americans)

Front 64

What happens during the first transfusion of blood if an Rh-negative person recieves Rh-positive blood?

Back 64

immune system becomes sensitized and begins producing anti-Rh antibodies against the foreign antigen

Front 65

What happens during the second transfusion of blood if an Rh-negative person receives RH-positive blood?

Back 65

a transfusion reaction occurs

the recipient's antibodies attack and rupture the donor RBCs

Front 66

What happens when an Rh-negative pregnant woman delivers an Rh-positive baby?

Back 66

The first pregnancy/delivery results in a healthy baby

The second and consequent deliveries:
when bleeding occurs as the placenta detaches from the uterus, the mother maybe sensitized by her baby's Rh+ antigens that pass into her bloodstream
The mother will form anti-Rh antibodies unless treated with RhoGAM before or shortly after birth

Results in - mother's antibodies crossing the placenta and destroying the baby's RBCs (hemolytic anemia)

Called: Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS

Front 67

Erythroblastosis fetalis

Back 67

a condition in which a fetus becomes anemic and hypoxic because the mother's (Rh-) antibodies have become sensitized and are attacking the baby's (Rh+) RBCs

Front 68

RhoGAM?

Back 68

serum containing anti-Rh agglutinins

blocks mother's immune response and prevents her sensitization

Front 69

Buffy Coat

Back 69

when a sample of blood has been centrifuged and allowed to settle

this thin, white layer is made up of leukocytes and platelets

Front 70

Erythropoetin

Back 70

"EPO"

a glycoprotein hormone that provides a direct stimulus for erythrocyte (RBC) formation

made in the kidneys and liver

Front 71

reticulocytes

Back 71

a young erythrocyte

matures to full RBC in X2 more days

Front 72

hemacytoblasts

Back 72

hematopoietic stem cell

undifferentiated precursor cell that resides in red bone marrow

645

Front 73

megakaryocytes

Back 73

a hemacytoblast that has undergone several mitotic divisions and cytoplasmic division to become platelets

648