Apes Chapter 25

Front 1

What are the two ways urban areas grow?

Back 1

1. natural increase
2. immigration

Front 2

natural increase

Back 2

more births than deaths

Front 3

immigration

Back 3

-mostly from rural areas
-influenced by push factors like poverty, lack of land to grow food, declining agricultural jobs, famine and war

Front 4

What is a country's degree of urbanization

Back 4

the percentage of it population living in an urban area

Front 5

urban growth

Back 5

the rate of increase of urban population

Front 6

five major factors relating to problems of urbanization and urban growth

Back 6

1. the proportion of the population living in urban areas is increasing
2. the number of large cities is growing
3. urban growth is much slower i urbanized developed countries than in developing countries
4. urbanization and population growth are increasing rapidly in developing countries
5. poverty is becoming increasingly urbanized as more poor people migrate from rural areas to urban areas, mostly in developing countries

Front 7

The 4 phases--How the US's populatoin has shifted

Back 7

1. people migrated from rural areas to large central cities
2. many people migrated from large central cities to suburbs and smaller cities
3. many people migrated from the North and East to the South and West
4. Some people have migrated from urban areas back to rural areas

Front 8

How has the quality of urban life in the US changed?

Back 8

-A number of US cities especially older ones have deteriorating services and aging infrastructures (streets, schools, bridges, housing and sewers)
-cities face budget crunches
-there is rising poverty

Front 9

budget crunches

Back 9

-from rising costs as businesses and people move to the suburbs and reduce revenues/incomes from property taxes

Front 10

rising poverty

Back 10

where unemployment typically is 50% or higher

Front 11

Urban sprawl

Back 11

-growth of low density development on the edges of cities and towns that takes up surrounding country side like farmland
-increases dependence on cars
-the product of affordable land, automobiles, cheap gasoline, and poor urban planning

Front 12

6 factors promoting urban sprawl in the US in 1945

Back 12

1. ample land was available for most cities to spread outward
2. federal government loan guarantees for new single family homes for WWII veterans stimulated the development of suburbs
3. low cost gasoline and the federal and state funding of highways encouraged automobile use and the development of once inaccessible outlying tracts of land that were affordable for many Americans
4. tax laws encouraged home ownership by allowing deduction of interest on home loans from income taxes
5. most state and local zoning laws require large residential lots and separation of residential and commercial use of land in new communities
6. most urban areas consist of numerous political jurisdictions, which rarely works together to develop an overall plan for managing and controlling urban growth and sprawl

Front 13

Undesirable impacts of urban sprawl--Land and Biodiversity

Back 13

1. loss of cropland
2. loss of forests and grasslands
3. loss of wetlands
4. loss of fragmentation of wildlife habitats
5. increased wildlife road kill
6. increased soil erosion

Front 14

Undesirable impacts of urban sprawl-- Human health and Aesthetics

Back 14

1. contaminated drinking water and air
2. weight gain
3. noise pollution
4. sky illumination
5. traffic congestion

Front 15

undesirable impacts of Urban Sprawl-- Water

Back 15

1. increased runoff
2. increased surface water and groundwater pollution
3. increased use of surface water and groundwater
4. increased flooding
5. decreased natural sewage treatment
6. decreased storage of surface water and groundwater

Front 16

Undesirable impacts of urban sprawl-- energy, air and climate

Back 16

1. increased energy use and waste
2. increased air pollution
3. increased greenhouse gas emissions
4. enhanced global warming
5. warmer microclimate

Front 17

undesirable impacts of urban sprawl-- economic effects

Back 17

1. higher taxes
2. decline of downtown business districts
3. increased unemployment in central city

Front 18

Bowash

Back 18

-as cities grow and sprawl outward, separate urban areas may merge to form a megalopolis and results into an almost continuous urban area

Front 19

What are the advantages of urbanization?

Back 19

-Recycling is more economically feasible because of the large concentrations of recyclable materials
-Environmental protection is higher in urban areas
-Offer more jobs and better education and health

Front 20

What are the disadvantages of urbanization?

Back 20

-Urban dwellers don't occupy that much area but they consume about 3/4s of all resources
-Cities expand and destroy rural cropland, fertile soil, forests, wetlands and wildlife habitats
-Plants are destroyed to make way for buildings and roads
-Have large ecological footprints that extends far beyond their boundaries
-Flooding tends to be greater in cities because they are built on floodplains or in low lying coastal areas subject to natural flooding
-Covering land with buildings causes precipitation to run off quickly and overload storm drains
-Destroys or degrades wetlands that act as natural sponges to help absorb excess water

Front 21

noise pollution

Back 21

Any unwated, disturbing or harmful sound that impairs or interferes with hearing, causes stress, hampers concentration and work efficiency or causes accidents

Front 22

Urban heat islands

Back 22

-A lot of heat is generated by cars, factories etc and create urban heat island surrounded by cooler suburban and rural areas
-Higher CO2 and soot concentration from fossil fuel burning, cars, factories and buildings intensify this heat island effect
-Higher CO2 levels can increase plant growth, especially species such as ragweed, that can worsen asthma
-Tiny soot and other particles help deliver pollen mold and allergens deep into the lungs

Front 23

Problems with artificial light

Back 23

-Prevent people from aesthetic beauty
-Affect plants and animals in many ecosystems
-Turtles who lay their eggs on beaches at night and migrating birds that are lured off course by lights on high rise office buildings
-Can decrease water quality
-Minute zooplankton avoid predators by remaining well below the surface during the day and then rising to graze on algae at night
-But artificial light from urban glows can discourage their nightly surface feeding, algae populations could grow and blooms could deplete dissolved oxygen needed by fish

Front 24

Slums

Back 24

most of the world's poor live in crowded central cities called slums

Front 25

Squatter settlements and Shantytowns

Back 25

-On the outskirts of most cities in developing countries
-On steep hillsides prone to landslides
-In illegal settlements prone to landslides, flooding, earthquakes, or volcanic eruptions

Front 26

Mexico City

Back 26

-In an urban area crisis
-the worlds second most populated city
-suffers form severe air pollution, close to 50% unemployment, loud noise, overcrowding, traffic, inadequate public transportation, high crime rate
-majority lives in burros usually without running water or electricity
-has the world’s worst photochemical smog problems because of too many cars, polluting industries, sunny climate, high elevation surrounded by mountains

Front 27

Fecal snow

Back 27

-When wind picks up dried excrement and falls on parts of the city

Front 28

Two main types of ground transportation

Back 28

1. individual (cars, motor scooters, bicycles, walking)
2. Mass (rail systems and buses)

Front 29

A combination of cheap gasoline, plentiful land, and a network of highways produces...

Back 29

Dispersed cities

Front 30

What is the role of motor vehicles in the US?

Back 30

-The US has 1/3 of the world’s motor vehicles
-Mostly because of urban sprawl and a network of highways
-American vehicles consume about 43% of the world’s gasoline

Front 31

Benefits of plants in urban areas (trees :) )

Back 31

1. help absorb air pollutants
2. give off oxygen
3. help cool air through transpiration
4. provide shade
5. reduce soil erosion
6. muffle noise
7. aesthetic pleasure

Front 32

Why is flooding greater in cities?

Back 32

1. built on floodplains
2. buildings, asphault, concrete increase runoff
3. overloading of storm drains

Front 33

Noise levels above ____ dba are unacceptable and noise levels above ___ dba cause hearing damage

Back 33

1. 65
2. 85

Front 34

Benefits of motor vehicles

Back 34

1. provide mobility
2. convienient and comfortable
3. symbols of sex, wealth and power
4. worlds economy is built on repairing/producing/supplying them

Front 35

motor vehicles have killed ____ people since their invention

Back 35

18 million

Front 36

reducing ___ can help improve environmental quality

Back 36

crime

Front 37

What is the largest source of air pollution?

Back 37

Motor vehicles
-emit six of eight major air pollutants

Front 38

What is the fastest growing source of CO2 emissions?

Back 38

Motor Vehicles

Front 39

User pays approach to motor vehicles

Back 39

1. include the estimated harmful costs of driving as a tax on gasoline
2. raise parking fees

Front 40

why is reducing automobile usage in US almost impossible?

Back 40

1. faces strong political opposition from the public (unaware of harmful effects)
2. not many fast mass tranist options/bikepaths available in US
3. most people who can afford cars are addicted to them

Front 41

________ outsell cars 2:1
1 out of every 200 Americans ______ to work

Back 41

BICYCLE!!!
bicycle :)

Front 42

bicycle advantages

Back 42

1. affordable
2. produce no pollution
3. take few resources to make
4. energy efficient
5. provide exercise

Front 43

bicycle disadvantages

Back 43

1. little protection from cars
2. bad weather = uh oh
3. can be tiring
(therefore not good for long trips)

Front 44

Motor Scooter advantages

Back 44

1. affordable
2. produce less air pollution than cars
3. easy to drive
4. dont need lots of parking space

Front 45

motor scooter disadvantages

Back 45

1. little protection in an accident
2. does not protect drivers from bad weather
3. gasoline engines are noisy
4. gasonline engines emit large amounts of pollutants

Front 46

Heavy rail systems include:

Back 46

1. subways
2. metros
3. elevated railways

Front 47

Light rail systems include:

Back 47

1. streetcars
2. trolley cars
3. tramways

Front 48

Advantages of rail systems

Back 48

1. more energy efficient
2. produces less air pollution
3. requires less land than roads and no parking land
4. cuases fewer injuries and deaths
5. reduces car congestion in cities

Front 49

Disadvantages of rail systems

Back 49

1. expensive to build/maintain
2. cost effective only along a densely populated narrow corridor
3. commits riders to transprotation schedueles
4. can cause noise and vibration for nearby residents

Front 50

Rail system in Hong Kong effective because:

Back 50

1. city densley populated
2. half population live really close to subway station
3. car = economic liability

Front 51

Advantages rapid rail system

Back 51

1. can reduce travel by car/plane
2. ideal for long trips
3. energy efficient

Front 52

disadvantage rapid rail system

Back 52

1. expensive to run/maintain
2. must operate along heavily used routes to be profitable
3. cause noise and vibration for nearby residents

Front 53

In early 20th century LA had good trolley system, why did that change?

Back 53

1. General Motors and other companies bought steetcar systems in major cities and dismantled the system to increase sale of cars/buses

Front 54

National City Lines.....

Back 54

1. converted electric powered Locomotives to expensive and less reliable diesel locomotives which led to decline in nations railway system

Front 55

Advantages buses

Back 55

1. more flexible than rail system
2. can be rerouted if needed
3. cost less to develop/maintain
4. greatly reduce car use and pollution

Front 56

Disadvantages buses

Back 56

1. can lose money b/c need low fares to attract riders
2. get caught in traffic
3. commits riders to a scheduele
4. noisy

Front 57

___% federal gasoline tax used to build/maintain highways
___% federal gasoline tax used for mass transit

Back 57

1. 80%
2. 20%

Front 58

land use planning

Back 58

based on the assumption that future population growth and economic develpment should be encouraged regardless of enviormental consequences

Front 59

land use planning

Back 59

process of deciding the best present and future use of each part of land in an area

Front 60

most money to pay for public services comes from

Back 60

property taxes

Front 61

zoning

Back 61

used by governments to control uses of vairous parcels of land by legal and economic methods

Front 62

Zoning can be used to control ____ and protect areas from ___

Back 62

1. growth
2. certain types of development

Front 63

Cities that have used zoning

Back 63

Portland oregon, curitibia brazil

Front 64

Zoning can encourage...

Back 64

1. high density development along public transit corridors

Front 65

smart growth

Back 65

(new urbanism) encourage more enviormentally sustainable development that requires less dependance on cars, controls and directs sprawl and reduces wasteful resource use

Front 66

what is the most widely used method to control urban sprawl?

Back 66

1. set growth boundaries around cities
2. preserve open space outside urban areas
3. devleop spaces in urban areas that have been left
4. create new towns in urban areas

Front 67

_____ has taken the strongest stand of any country agaisnt urban sprawl

Back 67

CHINA

Front 68

One way to preserve land is to develop it into....

Back 68

municipal parks (like central park in NYC)

Front 69

_________ has the finest system of municipal parks in US

Back 69

Minneapolis Minnesota

Front 70

greenbelt

Back 70

an open area used for recreation sourrounding a large city

Front 71

cluster development

Back 71

high density housing units are concentrated on one portion of a parcel with the rest of the land used for commonly shared space

Front 72

best kind of town build type to live in

Back 72

cluster developement

Front 73

principles of ecocities

Back 73

1. walkability
2. quality urban design
3. environmental sustainability
4. smart transportation

Front 74

primary problem is not urbanization but....

Back 74

failure to make cities more sustainable and liveable

Front 75

Most hazardous waste (94%) is...

Back 75

unregulated

Front 76

Prevention of waste is best because...

Back 76

1. cheaper
2. uses less energy
3. helps worker protection

Front 77

Tires can be reused to:

Back 77

1. as tires by retreating
2. use as foundations of homes
3. make artificial reefs
4. walls for highways

Front 78

__% municipal solid waste compostable

Back 78

35%

Front 79

____ People recycle more than ___ people

Back 79

1. poor
2. rich

Front 80

large input recycling --> _____ economy
small input recycling --> ___ economy

Back 80

1. increase
2. decrease

Front 81

urban area = more than ___ people
rural area = less than ___ people

Back 81

2500(answer for both)

Front 82

____ allows more births, more food, more money from government

Back 82

technology

Front 83

Example of a concentric circle city

Back 83

New York City

Front 84

Example of a sector city

Back 84

San Francisco

Front 85

Example of a multi nuclei city

Back 85

LA

Front 86

___% sewage in developing countries untreated

Back 86

90%

Front 87

5 ways to reduce noise pollution

Back 87

1. modify devices
2. shield devices
3. shield workers
4. use anit noise
5. (my favorite) MOVE!!!!!

Front 88

satellite towns

Back 88

towns near a city

Front 89

freestanding town

Back 89

towns not near a city

Front 90

in town new towns

Back 90

towns within a town

Front 91

What is car sharing?

Back 91

1. Each member pays for a card that opens locker with keys for car
2. members reserve a car in advance and directed to the closest locker and car
3. They are billed monthly for the time they use a car and distance traveled

Front 92

What is electronic commute?

Back 92

People use computers and other telecommunication to do all or most of their work at home

Front 93

What are the problems of zoning?

Back 93

1. some developers are influenced by decisions that can degrade the environment
2. zoning often favors high priced housing, hotels over protecting the environment
3. Overly strict zoning can discourage innovative approaches to solving urban problems

Front 94

3 decisions of the Oregon's land use planning

Back 94

1. to permanently zone all rural land in Oregon as forest, agricultural or urban land
2. limit urban development around a certain boundary
3. place control over land use planning in state hands through the land conservation and development commission

Front 95

Who used the urban growth boundary model?

Back 95

Washington and Tennessee

Front 96

Reconciliation ecology

Back 96

1. let nature reclaim spaces
2. abandoned elevated rail line now supports abundant plant and animal life
3. example: self seeding, self sustaining urban landscapes without human input

Front 97

What is Mixed-Use and Diversity?

Back 97

Where there is a mix of pedestrian friendly shops, offices, apartments, etc

Front 98

Vision 2000

Back 98

1. Citizens of Chattanooga identified the city's main problems, set goals and brainstormed solutions
2. encouraged zero emission industries to locate in their area
3. reduced car use by building satellite parking lots
4. launched a recycling program
5. built nation's largest freshwater aquarium

Front 99

Does Stacy hate studying for this AP test?

Back 99

yes